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INFLUENCE OF SHEAR CONNECTOR AND DECK
PROFILE ON LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE

BRIDGE DECK SLAB
Presented by,
Guided by,
Ajitha D
Mrs. Neena Vedic
M4 CE , 1
Asst. Prof, Dept of CE
SBCE
SBCE
INTRODUCTION
• Steel bridges are widely used due to its light self-weight, excellent seismic-
resisting performance and constructional convenience.
• However, this kind of deck system is frequently reported with two
concerns;
 Orthotropic Steel Decks (OSD) are detected with fatigue cracks after in
service for 10– 20 years.

Asphalt overlays usually develop premature damage issues such as
cracking, rutting, and put holes within 5–8 years. `

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 2
LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE DECK SLAB
● The lightweight composite deck (LWCD) is a new countermeasure to address
issues arises in orthotropic steel decks (OSDs).
Fig: Schematic drawings of the two types of bridge deck systems

● The LWCD is composed of an OSD and a thin UHPC layer of 35-mm to
60-mm thickness.
● UHPC layer is composed with the steel deck through short headed studs
and is reinforced with steel bars.
● A 6–40 mm asphalt overlay is paved on UHPC to serve as a friction course.

• The advantages of the LWCD over conventional OSDs are;
The composite action between the UHPC layer and steel deck results in a
significant increase to the bridge deck stiffness.

The vehicle induced stress range in OSD is expected to decrease and the
fatigue life should be extended.

ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (UHPC)
● LWCD are strongly dependent on the excellent performance of UHPC.
● UHPC is an advanced type of concrete that can enhance the durability and
resilience of concrete structures.
● In UHPC, coarse aggregates are excluded and fine reactive powders such
as silica fume and fly ash are added.
● Steel fibers are commonly used in UHPC to improve the mechanical

performance.
●The properties of UHPC are;
 Compressive strength up to 200 MPa.
 Flexural strength of up to 50 MPa.
Modulus of elasticity is in between 45 to 50 GPa.
Increased resistance to abrasion, erosion and corrosion.
●When compared to conventional concrete,
A greater adhesion between aggregate and cement paste, which results in a
more homogeneous structure.

They reduce shrinkage cracks in the concrete.
Lightweight concrete is characterized by a bigger resistance to dynamic
loads. This is also important in the case of bridge deck slabs.
● In my project, the influence of different types of shear connectors and deck

profile on Light Weight Composite Slab is investigated.

LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE AUTHOR WORKDONE
“Transverse bending Jun Luo , Xudong • An experimental test was accomplished on

behaviour of the steel- Shao, Junhui Cao, 20 specimens subjected to four point
UHPC lightweight Manhua Xiong , bending.
composite deck” (2019) Wei Fan • Comparison of experimental and
theoretical results were done.
• Decrease in stud spacing and increase in
UHPC thickness will increase the
ultimate load capacity of slab.

“Static and Fatigue Junhui Cao, Xudong ● It studies the static and fatigue behaviour
Behavior of Short- Shao, Lu Deng, and of short-headed studs embedded in UHPC.
Headed Studs Yidong Gan. ● Seven specimens were fabricated for
Embedded in a Thin push-out tests, three of which were
Ultrahigh-Performance subjected to static tests, and the other four
Concrete Layer”(2017) were subjected to fatigue tests.
● The result showed that the specimens
failed because of the fracture of the
headed studs, whereas the UHPC layer did
not develop appreciable damage.

TITLE AUTHOR WORK DONE
“Reinforced high P. Buitelaar, R. • In this, a reinforced high performance

performance concrete Braam, N. Kaptijn concrete (RHPC) overlay to
overlay system for rehabilitate orthotropic steel bridge
rehabilitation and decks.
strengthening of orthotropic • Experimental tests and theoretical
steel bridge decks”(2016) analysis were done.
• The results showed that the application
of RHPC overlay could extend the
service life of OSD by improving the
stiffness of the bridge deck.
“Static behavior of large Jingquan Wang, • Push out test were carried on 18
stud shear connectors in Jianan Qi, Teng specimen to examine the parameters
steel-UHPC composite Tong, Qizhi Xu, stud diameter, stud aspect ratio,
structures”(2016) Hongliang Xiu concrete strength, and concrete slab
thickness.
• Increasing the stud diameter could
significantly improve the shear
strength, shear stiffness and ductility.
• Stud aspect ratio and concrete slab
thickness increases the strength in
UHPC slabs.

CONCLUSION FROM LITERATURE REVIEW
● Experimental and theoretical approach were used in most of the analysis.
● Light weight composite deck slab has better performance than conventional
deck slab.
● In most cases, steel and GFRP bars are used as reinforcement
● Headed studs are commonly used for connection of steel plate and concrete.

RESEARCH GAP
● Limited studies were focussed on type and spacing of shear connector in
deck slab.
● Effect of different types of deck slab profile in composite deck slab is not
yet investigated.
● Impact resistance of this structure are not yet determined.

OBJECTIVES
● To determine the strength properties of light weight UHPC of grade 160

MPa experimentally.
● To study the performance of composite deck slab with different types of

shear connectors.
● To compare the performance of slab by the various arrangement of shear

connector

Contd….
● To compare the performance of slab by the different spacing of shear

connector.
● To evaluate the performance of deck slab with different deck profile.
● To strengthen the deck slab by providing crimp on the steel plate.
● To investigate the performance of light weight composite deck slab by

impact loading.

SCOPE
● The experimental work is limited to determining the properties of Ultra High
Performance Concrete only.
● Study is limited to determine the performance of deck slab only.
● The thickness of deck slab is limited to 60cm only.
● Finite Element Analysis is done on ANSYS software only.

METHODOLOGY
Literature study
Ultra High Performance

Experimental Program Concrete
Modelling of LWCD using ANSYS

Software
LWCD with different types of shear

LWCD with different deck profile
connector
Headed Inverted Inverted

Z-shaped
stud L-shaped U-shaped Dove tail Trapezoidal Rectangular
Different Different spacing

arrangement of of of of shear Strengthening and parametric study
shear connector connector
Interpretation of results Conclusion
Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 18

8/24/20
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE DECK SLAB WITH
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTORS

● Dimensional details of slab:

● Reinforcement details:
Type of Reinforcement Specification
Longitudinal reinforcement 10 mm φ @ 33.3 mm c/c
Transverse reinforcement 6 # 10 mm φ

● Material properties:
 concrete
Compressive strength 165 MPa
Poisson's ratio 0.15
Elastic Modulus 45.8 GPa
Tensile Strength 9 MPa

Steel plate
Yield strength 345 MPa

Poisson's ratio 0.3
Young′ Modulus 2× Mpa
Reinforcement

SHEAR CONNECTORS
● A Shear connector is a steel projection provided on the steel plate.
● The purpose of the shear connector is to ensure mechanical connection

between steel plate and concrete slabs.
● It is therefore designed to resist shear forces acting between these

structural elements, promoting composite behaviour.

● Properties of shear connector
Yield strength 345 MPa
Poisson's ratio 0.3
Young′ Modulus 2× MPa

● Different types of shear connectors are;
Headed stud Z- Shaped Inverted L-shaped Inverted U-shaped

MODELLING
Headed Stud Z- Shaped

Inverted L shaped Inverted U shaped

MESHING
● Adaptive mesh size of 30mm is used.
Headed Stud Z- shaped

Inverted L shaped Inverted U shaped

BOUNDARY CONDITION AND LOADING
● Roller supports are provided on both sides of slab.
● Loading is done by displacement convergence criteria.
● Loading is provided as 60 mm displacement.
HEADED STUD Z- SHAPED

INVERTED L- SHAPED INVERTED U-
SHAPED

STATIC ANALYSIS
● TOTAL DEFORMATION
SHEAR STUD Z SHAPED

INVERTED L- SHAPED INVERTED U- SHAPED

● EQUIVALENT PLASTIC STRAIN
HEADED STUD Z- SHAPED

INVERTED L- SHAPED INVERTED U- SHAPED

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
TYPES OF LOAD DEFLECTION STRAIN SLIP
SHEAR (kN) (mm) (mm) (mm)
CONNECTOR
HEADED STUD 102.5 29.317 7.0447 2.493
Z SHAPED 102.75 28.51 6.54 2.317
INVERTED L 102.7 27.896 6.3048 2.2906

SHAPED
INVERTED U 105.97 26.578 3.3625 1.044

SHAPED

● The composite deck slab with inverted U-shaped shear connector has more
performance compared to the deck slab with all other shear connector.
 This deck slab shows 3.38% increase in load and 9.34%, 52.27% and
58.12% decrease in deflection, strain and slip respectively as compared
with deck slab with shear stud.
 The bonding between concrete and inverted U-shaped shear connector

is more as compared to all other shear connector.

TO COMPARE THE PERFORMANCE OF SLAB BY
THE VARIOUS ARRANGEMENT OF SHEAR
CONNECTOR

● From the previous study, the composite deck slab with inverted U- shaped
shear connector show better performance.
● Further study is concentrated on the arrangement of shear connector and

comparing it with the previous deck slab.
● In the previous deck slab, shear connector are aligned parallel to

longitudinal reinforcement in both flexure and shear zone.
● Here, spacing of shear connector was kept constant as previous deck slab.

●The different arrangements provided are;
F-P & S-P
F-I & S-I

F-I & S-P
F-P & S-I

MODELLING
• NN
F-I & S-I F-I & S-P F-P & S-I

MESHING

LOADING AND BOUNDARY CONDITION

STATIC ANALYSIS


ARRANGEMENT LOAD (kN) DEFLECTION EQUIVALENT SLIP (mm)
(mm) STRAIN (mm)
F-S & S-S 105.97 26.578 3.3625 1.044
F-I & S-I 104.05 25.397 3.519 1.054
F-I & S-S 105.58 25.535 3.219 1.291
F-S & S-I 104.26 25.266 3.1193 1.0914

● There is no significant improvement, when the arrangement of shear
connectors are changed.
● That is, the load carrying capacity get decreased and the strain , slip
parameters get increased.

TO COMPARE THE PERFORMANCE OF SLAB BY
THE DIFFERENT SPACING OF SHEAR CONNECTOR

● From the previous study, it is clear that by changing the arrangement of
shear connector does not make any significant improvement in
performance.
● So the further study is focused on changing the spacing of shear

connector.
● Model classified on the basis of spacing are;

● S1- spacing between shear connector is 150mm throughout the section

● S2 – spacing between shear connector is limited as 100mm in shear zone.
● S3-Spacing between shear connector is limited as 100 mm in flexure

zone.
● S4- spacing between shear connector is limited as 100 mm in both

flexure and shear zone.

MODELLING
S2 S3 S4

MESHING
S2 S3 S4

S2 S3 S4

ANALYSIS
S2 S3 S4

S2 S3 S4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
MODEL LOAD DEFORMATION STRAIN SLIP
(kN) (mm) (mm) (mm)
S1 105.97 26.578 3.3625 1.044
S2 102.73 24.15 3.335 1.0645
S3 107.56 23.691 3.2131 0.7233
S4 104.2 18.375 2.434 0.6270

NN

● The specimen S4 shows better performance compared to all other
specimens.
The deck slab shows 30.86% ,27.61% and 39.94% decrease in
deflection, strain and slip value.

TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF DECK
SLAB WITH DIFFERENT DECK PROFILE

● Composite deck comprises of corrugated steel plate and structural
concrete topping is an optimum decking system is used nowadays.
● This reduces the construction time and reduces the weight of the
building, thus saving overall cost of construction.
● Different deck profile used are;

Dove tail profile
Trapezoidal profile
Rectangular profile

Dove tail Trapezoidal
Rectangular

MODELLING
Dove tail Trapezoidal Rectangular

MESHING
● Adaptive mesh of size 30 mm is used.

● Roller support is provided on both sides.
● Loading is done by displacement convergence criteria.
● Loading is provided as 60 mm displacement.

STATIC ANALYSIS
● Total Deformation

● Equivalent Plastic Strain

DECK Load (kN) Deformation Slip (MM) Equivalent

PROFILE (mm) plastic strain
(mm)
Dove Tail 117.15 25.969 1.403 2.35
Trapezoidal 111.34 25.676 1.5716 4.25
Rectangular 115.33 25.499 1.499 2.5877
Linear 104.2 18.375 0.6270 2.434

● From the load-deformation and load- slip curve, the deck slab with dove tail profile
shows better performance compared to other specimens.
 The ultimate load carrying capacity is increased by 11%.
● As compared with the ultimate load capacity of linear deck profile, dove tail deck
profile shows;
● The deformation value corresponding to 104.2 kN is decreased by 41% and strain is

decreased by 55.74%.
● Since, dove tail profile has more surface area therefore its load carrying capacity
gets increased.
REFERENCES
● M.S.Pfeil, R.C. Battista, A.J.R. Mergulhao, “Stress concentration in steel
bridge orthotropic decks”, J. Constr. Steel Res. 61 (8) (2005) 1172–1184.
● R.Wolchuk, “Empirical design rules for effective utilization of orthotropic
decks”, J. Bridg. Eng. 19 (2) (2014) 152–158.
● Jun Luo, Xudong Shao, Junhui Cao, Manhua Xiong, Wei Fan,”
Transverse bending behavior of the steel-UHPC lightweight composite
deck: Orthogonal test and analysis” Journal of Constructional Steel
Structure(2019).
● X.D.
Shao, J.H. Hu, “The Steel-UHPC Lightweight Composite Bridge Structures”,
CCPress, Beijing, (2015).

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INFLUENCE OF SHEAR CONNECTOR AND DECK

PROFILE ON LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE

resisting performance and constructional convenience.

• However, this kind of deck system is frequently reported with two

service for 10– 20 years.

cracking, rutting, and put holes within 5–8 years. `

Fig: Schematic drawings of the two types of bridge deck systems

● A 6–40 mm asphalt overlay is paved on UHPC to serve as a friction course.

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 4

significant increase to the bridge deck stiffness.

fatigue life should be extended.

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 5

● LWCD are strongly dependent on the excellent performance of UHPC.

● Steel fibers are commonly used in UHPC to improve the mechanical

 Compressive strength up to 200 MPa.

 Flexural strength of up to 50 MPa.

Modulus of elasticity is in between 45 to 50 GPa.

Increased resistance to abrasion, erosion and corrosion.

●When compared to conventional concrete,

A greater adhesion between aggregate and cement paste, which results in a

more homogeneous structure.

Lightweight concrete is characterized by a bigger resistance to dynamic

loads. This is also important in the case of bridge deck slabs.

● In my project, the influence of different types of shear connectors and deck

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 8

“Transverse bending Jun Luo , Xudong • An experimental test was accomplished on

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 9

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 10

“Reinforced high P. Buitelaar, R. • In this, a reinforced high performance

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 12

● Experimental and theoretical approach were used in most of the analysis.

● In most cases, steel and GFRP bars are used as reinforcement

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 13

● Impact resistance of this structure are not yet determined.

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 14

● To determine the strength properties of light weight UHPC of grade 160

● To study the performance of composite deck slab with different types of

● To compare the performance of slab by the various arrangement of shear

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 15

● To compare the performance of slab by the different spacing of shear

● To evaluate the performance of deck slab with different deck profile.

● To strengthen the deck slab by providing crimp on the steel plate.

● To investigate the performance of light weight composite deck slab by

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 16

● Study is limited to determine the performance of deck slab only.

● The thickness of deck slab is limited to 60cm only.

● Finite Element Analysis is done on ANSYS software only.

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 17

Ultra High Performance

Modelling of LWCD using ANSYS

LWCD with different types of shear

Headed Inverted Inverted

Different Different spacing

Interpretation of results Conclusion

Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 18

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 19

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 20

Type of Reinforcement Specification

Longitudinal reinforcement 10 mm φ @ 33.3 mm c/c

8/24/20 Finite Element Analysis on Light Weight Composite Deck Slab 21

Compressive strength 165 MPa

Poisson's ratio 0.15

Elastic Modulus 45.8 GPa