HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
Hypothesis Testing- it is a statement with many faceted ideas that
are still to be resolved whether they are true or not
-It is a wise or intellectual guess.
2 Types of Hypothesis
1.Null Hypothesis (Ho) – it always express the idea of non significant
difference.
2.Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – it is a negation of the null
hypothesis.
Examples of Null Hypothesis:
1.There is no significant difference in the assessment of the
respondents when grouped according to gender.
2.The IQ of the female is not higher than the male.
3.The number of late students is the same each day of the week.
4.The number of patients each day of the week is the same.
5.The academic of the B.S. Tourism is equal to the academic
performance of the A.B. Mass Comm students.
Examples of Alternative Hypothesis:

1. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the

respondents when grouped according to gender.
2. The IQ of the female is higher than the male.
3. The number of late students is not the same each day of the
week.
4. The number of patients each day of the week is not the same.
5. The academic of the B.S. Tourism is not equal to the academic
performance of the A.B. Mass Comm students.

Types of Errors

1. Type I ( α–error) – Rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it

is true.
2. Type II (β-error) – Accepting the null hypothesis when in fact is it
false.
 Types of Tests
1.One-sided (directional) – it is called one-tailed test.
- it is use when the alternative hypothesis is express/use a
comparative word such as higher, better, bigger, more intelligent,
etc.
2. Two-sided (non-directional) – it is called two-tailed test.
- it is use when the alternative hypothesis use the following
words/phrases: significant difference, not + comparative word, not
equal, not the same, etc.
T-test . It is use when the sample standard deviation is given.
Z-test. It is use when the population standard deviation is given.
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1.Formulate the null hypothesis (Ho) and the alternative
hypothesis (Ha) .
2.Set the level of significance.
*** Choose between 1% to 10% depending on the risk of
error the researcher is willing to take. A 1% level of significance
means the researcher is giving 1% error on his decision and that
he is 99% confident of his decision to be right.

3. Identify the statistical test.

- either one-tailed or 2-tailed.

4. Determine the tabular value .

*** For z-test, look at the value of ∞ in the lowest portion of
the t-value.
*** For t-test, compute first the degrees of freedom (df)
1 group of sample: df = n-1
2 groups of sample: df = n1 + n2 - 2
 Types of Tests
One-sided (directional)
If the alternative hypothesis is expressed in terms like “greater
than” or “less than”, it is called a one tailed test. The rejection
region lies only in one tail of the distribution.
rejection
acceptance region
acceptance
region region

Two-sided (non-directional)
If an alternative hypothesis is expressed in a non-equality
statement, it is a non-directional or two-tailed test.

rejection rejection
acceptance
region
5. Compute for the required statistical test. Choose from the following formula
whichever is applicable. (Either z or t-test)

Zc = (x - )  n
-----------------


Zc = (x1 - x2) /   (1/n1 ) + (1/n2)

Zc = (P1 - P2) /  p1q1/ n1 ) + p2q2/ n2

tc = ( x - ) n-1 / s

tc = (x1 – x2) /  s12 / n1 + s22 /n2

6. Decide whether to accept or to reject the null hypothesis.

*** Accept Null Hypothesis if the computed value is less than the
tabular value.
*** Reject Null Hypothesis if the computed value is greater than
the tabular value.

7. Conclusion. State the accepted hypothesis.