Introduction to Steel

Classification and Standard

Suwarno, PhD

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FERROUS ALLOYS

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 Grouping of Steel, base on….

• Komposisi kimia
Plain carbon steel (non-Alloyed Steel)
 Baja Karbon rendah
 Baja karbon menengah
 Baja Karbon tinggi
Baja Paduan (Alloyed Steel)
 Low Alloy steel
 High Alloy steel

• Struktur Mikro
Ferritic, Martensitik, austenitik
• Bentuk Produk
bar, plat, strip, wire, profile
• Metode produksi
Hot rolled, cold rolled
• Deoxidasi
Killed, semi killed
• Kekuatan Tarik ,
HSLA, UHSS,
• Metode Perlakuan Panas/Penguatan
Tempering, Carburizing, nitriding, PH
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 Basic Steel Classification

• Baja Paduan Rendah (low Alloy Steel)

prosentase Paduan
Total paduan <5% (Nayar,2002)
Al>0,3%
Cr >0,03%
• Plain (non Alloyed)
Co>0,03%
Carbon Steel Mo>0,08%
(Smith,1993) Ni>0,6 % (ASTM)
Maximum element Elemen masing-masing lebih dari
0,10
Manganese 1%
Sulfur 0.05%
Phosphorus 0,04%
Silicon 0,03%
• High Alloy Steel
Total paduan lebih dari 5%

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Steel- Classification According to Carbon content Composition
Carbon Content Alloy Content
Low-carbon steels Plain-carbon steels (no alloying element except Mn up to 1.65 wt.%)
( 0.25 wt.%C)
Medium-carbon Low-alloy steels (total alloy content < 5 wt.%)
steels
(0.25 - 0.55 wt.%C)
High-carbon steels High-alloy steels (total alloy content > 5 wt.%)
(> 0.55 wt.%) - Tool steels and stainless steels

Steel-Classification According to Strength

(1) Low-strength steels  y  250 MPa  0  36 ksi 
(2) Medium-strength steels 250   y  750 MPa  36  110 ksi 
(3) High-strength steels 750   y  1500 MPa 110  220 ksi 
(4) Ultra-high strength steels  y  1500 MPa   220 ksi 

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Example- Classification according to Microstructure

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 Steel

Low Alloy High Alloy

low carbon med carbon high carbon
<0.25wt%C 0.25-0.6wt%C 0.6-1.4wt%C

heat austentitic
Name plain HSLA plain plain tool
treatable stainless
Cr,V Cr, Ni Cr, V,
Additions none none none Cr, Ni, Mo
Ni, Mo Mo Mo, W
Example 1010 4310 1040 43 40 1095 4190 304
Hardenability 0 + + ++ ++ +++ 0
TS - 0 + ++ + ++ 0
EL + + 0 - - -- ++
Uses auto bridges crank pistons wear drills high T
struc. towers shafts gears applic. saws applic.
sheet press. bolts wear dies turbines
vessels hammers applic. furnaces
blades V. corros.
resistant
increasing strength, cost, decreasing ductility 8
 Kodifikasi Baja (Steel Designation)

• AISI, American Iron Steel Institute

• ASTM, American Standard for Testing and Material
• DIN, Deutsches Institut fur Normung
• JIS, Japanese Industrial Standard
• CEN, Committee European de Normalization
• ISO, International Standardization Organization
• SAE, Society for Automotive Engineering
• NF, Association francaise de normalization (AFNOR)
• UNS (Unified Numbering System) , SAE and ASTM

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 AISI-SAE (prinsipal)
Plain Carbon(non-alloyed steel) Alloyed steel)

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 UNS
UNS Descriptor Ferros Metals
• G41300
Dxxxxx Specified mechanical Properties Steel
Fxxxxx Cast irons chromium Steel
Gxxxxx SAE and Former Carbon Alloy steel(ex tool
Steel)
about 0,3 %
Hxxxxx AISI H steel carbon
Jxxxxx Cast Steel
Kxxxxx Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloy
Sxxxxx Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless)steel
• K41400
Txxxxx Tool steel
UNS Descriptor Welding filler metal
Wxxxxx Welding filler Metal, covered And tubular
electrode Classified

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 DIN  Contoh :
Low Alloy Steel
Nikel chromium steel, dengan
• Digit Pertama merupakan jumlah
komposisi 0,24 %C, 0.25
relatif C (Telah dikalikan 100)
Chromium, 1% Nikel,
• Digit berikutnya menunjukkan
komposisi paduan, tergantung Dari DIN 24 CrNi14
jenis paduan Bagaimana Dengan
20Cr 4 ??

Paduan Faktor Pengali

Cromium, Cobalt, Manganese , Nikel, 4

Silicon
Aluminium, boron, Cupper, 10
Molibdenum, Niobium,Titanium,
vanadium
Phosphorus, Sulfur, Nitogen, Carbon 100

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ASTM System
ASTM writes standard specifications for various alloys to meet. The ASTM standard
covers chemical compositions, mechanical property limits or levels, fabrication
methods, and heat treatments. Alloys are required to satisfy these requirements.
For example, steel plates used for structural and pressure vessel designs are mostly
classified according ASTM standards.
*An ASTM designation is an arbitrarily chosen number pre-fixed by the letter "A".

Specification Steel type and condition

A36 Carbon steel plates, bars and shapes
A131 Carbon and HSLA steel plates, bars, shapes and rivets for ships
A283 Carbon steel plates of low or intermediate tensile strength
A284 Carbon-silicon steel plates of low or intermediate tensile strength for machine
parts and general construction
A440 Carbon steel plates, bars and shapes of high tensile strength
A529 Carbon steel plates, bars, shapes and sheet piling with 290 MPa (42 ksi)
minimum yield point
A573 Carbon steel plates for applications requiring toughness at atmospheric
temperatures
A678 Quenched and tempered carbon steel plates
A709 Carbon, alloy and HSLA steel plates, bars and shapes for bridges

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JIS

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ASME

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Plain Carbon Steel

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