Pilot Plant Operation 2

CPD 30302
July 2018

CHAPTER 2
STEAM MOTOR &
ENERGY CONVERSION TEST
Learning Outcomes:

To achieve an understanding of:

• The First Law of Thermodynamics.

• The Second Law of Thermodynamics.

• The concept of Thermal Efficiency.

• The Rankine Cycle.

Definition of Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science

concerned with heat and temperature and their
relation to energy and work.
• It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal
energy, entropy and pressure, that partly describe a
body of matter or radiation.
 Objectives of the Experiment

• To demonstrate thermodynamic principles as applied to

laboratory scale steam plant.

• To demonstrate the conversion of energy from one

form to another and the measurement of mechanical
power.
 Introduction-Steam plant

 Using principle of thermodynamics

 The steam plant consists of several
components; a boiler, a steam engine, a
condenser and a feed pump
 In large power plants, steam turbines used but
for a small scale laboratory set up, a steam
engine is used
 Steam supplied from a boiler to a steam engine
 The condenser condenses the exhaust steam
from the steam engine from saturated steam
5
into water
Steam Motor and Energy conversion Test Set
 Introduction Principle

 1st Law of Thermodynamics:

The law of conservation of energy states that energy
may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore, the
total energy in a closed system is constant.

 2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A system can never be 100% efficient during a
complete cycle. In any transfer of energy, some
energy will be lost to other processes such as friction
or conduction)
7
 Second Law of Thermodynamics - Increased Entropy

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is commonly known as the Law of

Increased Entropy. While quantity remains the same (First Law), the quality
of matter/energy deteriorates gradually over time.

"Entropy" is defined as a measure of unusable energy within a

closed or isolated system (the universe for example). As usable
energy decreases and unusable energy increases, "entropy"
increases.

Entropy is also a gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed

system.
 The implications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The universe is constantly losing usable energy and never gaining. We logically
conclude the universe is not eternal. The universe had a finite beginning. The
moment at which it was at "zero entropy“. Like a wind-up clock, the universe is
winding down, as if at one point it was fully wound up and has been winding
down ever since. The question is who wound up the clock?

The theological implications Jastrow went on to say, "For the

are obvious. NASA Astronomer
Robert Jastrow commented on
these implications when he
said, "Theologians generally
are delighted with the proof
that the universe had a
beginning, but astronomers
are curiously upset. It turns
out that the scientist behaves
the way the rest of us do
when our beliefs are in conflict
with the evidence." (Robert
Jastrow, God and the
Astronomers, 1978, p. 16.)
scientist who has lived by his
faith in the power of reason, the
story ends like a bad dream. He
has scaled the mountains of
ignorance; he is about to
conquer the highest peak; as he
pulls himself over the final rock,
he is greeted by a band of
theologians who have been
sitting there for centuries." (God
and the Astronomers, p. 116.) It
seems the Cosmic Egg that was
the birth of our universe logically
requires a Cosmic Chicken...
Introduction- Rankine Cycle

•Mathematical model that is used to predict the

performance of steam engine

•The Rankine cycle is an idealised thermodynamic cycle of

a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work

•The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which

usually uses water as the working fluid.
Rankine Cycle
Introduction- Rankine Cycle

 1 → 2 Adiabatic compression of
water to the pressure of the boiler
 2 → 3 Isobaric heating of water to
the boiling point.
 3 → 4 Isobaric, isothermal
vaporization of water into
saturated steam.
 4 → 5 Isobaric superheating of
steam into superheated steam at
temperature H.
 5 → 6 Adiabatic expansion of
steam into wet steam.
 6 → 1 Isobaric, isothermal
condensation of steam into
saturated water at the
temperature  C, and rejected heat
|QC|.
 Steam

• Steam is a colorless expansive & invisible gas

resulting from the vaporization of water.

• Following classes of steam:

• Saturated steam
• Dry steam
• Wet steam
• Superheated steam
• Highly superheated or gaseous steam.
Types of Steam
 ASSIGNMENT 1

Explain each classes of steam in points form

• Saturated steam
• Dry steam
• Wet steam
• Superheated steam
• Highly superheated or gaseous steam.
 General Info of The Equipment

• Steam is generated by an electrically heated steam boiler

which incorporates a safety valve, water level gauge and
blow down system. Feed water is delivered to the boiler by
an electric pump drawing water from a sump tank.

• Steam exhausted from the engine is discharged to an

atmospheric condenser which must be supplied with mains
cooling water. Condensate is collected in a volumetric
measuring vessel.

• A throttling calorimeter is provided for measuring the

dryness fraction of the steam.
 How Does it Works?

Pump, boiler & condenser can be closely approximated as

steady-flow conditions.

The boiler, electrically heated by heating

elements generates steam.

The steam is then fed to the steam motor. This regulated

flow of steam is the force behind the motors rotation.

Steam exits the motor & is discharged into the atmospheric

condenser
 How Does it Works?

In condenser, by having cool H2O flowing

through its coil to collect as condensate

The condensate then builds up on the coil & is

released from bottom of the condenser

A simple band brake uses 2 spring balances absorbs the

motor Power

The difference between the balances is

the output torque of the motor for that run
 Performance of a Steam Plant

Example of Steam mass flow rate conversion:

3
112 ml 112  10 L
Steam 112 mL
min  sec  sec
mass 60 60
flow
6 3
rate 112  10 m3 112  10
 sec 
kg
sec
60 60

 1.8710 
112 3 kg

6  10 4
s
200ml/min---kg/sec
 Quality of steam at the boiler calculation.

Boiler pressure :
P1 = 160 kN m-2 = 160 kPa + 101.325 kPa

= 261.325 kPa

Boiler temperature, T1 =129.0 oC

Refer to:
“Saturated Steam Tables” and look at T = 129 oC
(interpolate if necessary)
hf = Hsat liq = 542.1 kJ kg-1

hfg = Hevap = 2174.2 kJ kg-1

 Quality of steam at the boiler calculation.

After throttling,
see TCalorimeter (column-7): T = 100.7 oC
Read from “Saturated Steam Tables”
(interpolate if necessary)

hg =Hsat vap = 2694.83 kJ kg-1

Quality of steam (dryness fraction = σ)

2694.83  542.1
x  0.99
2174.2
Steam dryness is important because it has a direct effect on the total
amount of transferable energy contained within the steam (usually just
latent heat), which affects heating efficiency and quality.
Since wet steam not only affects heat transfer efficiency, but
can also cause erosion of piping and critical equipment such as
turbine blades, it is highly recommended to take preventative
measures such as using a steam separator to remove the
entrained condensate.

The wetter the steam, the lower the specific volume, enthalpy,
and entropy will be. Since steam dryness has a significant effect
on all these values, to enable greater heating efficiency it is
crucial to supply steam that is as close to being 100% dry as
possible.
The steam dryness fraction is used to quantify the amount of
water within steam. If steam contains 10% water by mass, it's
said to be 90% dry, or have a dryness fraction of 0.9.

Steam dryness is important because it has a direct effect on the

total amount of transferable energy contained within the steam
(usually just latent heat), which affects heating efficiency and
quality.

For example, saturated steam (100% dry) contains 100% of the

latent heat available at that pressure. Saturated water, which has
no latent heat and therefore 0% dryness, will only contain
sensible heat.
Boiler efficiency

ms  h1  hw 
boiler 
Q1
Read ‘saturated liquid’ (hW)=hf = 542.1 kJ kg-1

Read ‘saturated vapor’ (h1) =hf +x hfg=

2696.91 kJ kg-1

1.87 x103 kg
s  2696.91  542.1 
10 3 J
kg
boiler 
5800 Js
 0.695
 Power Output

Power output of the engine:

2R F1  F2  N
W1 
60

W1 = 5.86431(10-3)( F1 – F2 )N (Watt)
Efficiency

Rankine Efficiency
W1
 Rankine 
m s  hw  h1 
Thermal Efficiency

W1
 thermal 
Q1  m s  hw  h3 
Efficiency

Refer to Tcondensate = 38 oC

From “Saturated Steam Tables” at Tcondensate

hf = Hsat liq = 159.2 kJ kg-1

ms  hw  h3   1.87 103 kg
s  542.1  159.2  103 kgJ
 716.02 W

6.075
 thermal  100%   0.92 %
5800  777.348