Saurabh Sanjay Kasliwal

B.E Civil, M.E Structural Engg.

+91-9028126721
 Masonry
 Masonry
 Different terms used in Masonry
 Classification of Stone Masonry
 B. Masonry:
 Introduction to Stone Masonry:
 Stone masonry is a type of building masonry construction that uses
stones and mortar.
 This construction technique is used for building foundations, floors,
retaining walls, arches, walls and columns.
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 Natural rocks are cut and dressed into proper shape in order to use
it in masonry construction.
 Stones are one of the most durable and strong building materials.
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 Different Terms Used In Masonry:
 Course: A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones.

 Bed: It is the surface of stone perpendicular to the line of pressure. It

indicates the lower surface of bricks or stones in each course.
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 Back: The inner surface of a wall which is not exposed is called the back.
The material forming the back is known as backing.
 Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The
material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.
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 Different Terms Used In Masonry:
 Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The
material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.
 Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between the facing and
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backing.
 Side: It is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in a
direction transverse to the face and bed.
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 Joint: It is the junction of two or more bricks or stones. If the joint is

parallel to the bed of bricks or stones in a course then it is termed as
bed joint. The joint which are perpendicular to the bed joints are
termed as vertical joints or side joints or simply joints.
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 Header: It is a brick or stone which lies with its greatest length at

right angles to the face of the work.. in case of stone masonry header is
sometimes known as through stone. The course of brick work in which
all the bricks are laid as headers is known as header course.
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 Stretcher: It is a brick or a stone which lies with its longest side parallel
to the face of the work. The course of brick work in which all the bricks
are laid as stretchers is known as stretcher course.
 Bond: This is the method of arranging bricks so that the individual units
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are tied together. Bonding is essential to eliminate continuous vertical

joints both in body as well as on the face of wall.
 Spalls: These are the chips of stones used for filling the interstices in
stone masonry.
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 Quoins: These are the stones used for the corners of walls of a structure.

 Bat: It is the portion of brick cut across the width.

 Closer: It is the portion of the brick cut lengthwise in such a manner that
its one long face remains uncut.
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 Queen closer: It is the portion of brick obtained by cutting a brick length

wise into two portions.
 King Closer: These are the portions of a brick obtained by cutting off the
triangular piece between the center of one end and the center of one side.
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 Bevelled Closer: It is that portion of a brick in which the whole length of
the brick is beveled for maintaining half width at one end and full width at
the other.
 Frog: It is an indentation or depression on the top face of a brick made
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with the object of forming a key for the mortars. This reduces the weight
of the brick also.
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Spalls
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 Plinth: It is the horizontal course of stone or brick provided at the base of
the wall above ground level. It indicates the height of the ground level
above the natural ground level. It protects the building from dampness.
 Plinth Course: It is the top most course of the plinth masonry.
 String Course: It is a horizontal projecting course of masonry projecting
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out of the face of the wall for shedding rain water off the face. It imparts
an aesthetic appearance to the structure and is generally provided at every
floor level.

String Course
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 Lintel: It is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood, iron or RCC used
to support the masonry or load above an opening.
 Jambs: These are the vertical sides of an opening for doors and windows.
These may be plain or splayed or may be provided with recesses to
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receive the frames of doors and windows.

 Reveals: These are exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides of an
opening after the door or window frame had been fitted in position.
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 Cornice: It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of a building or
at the junction of a wall and ceiling.
 Blocking Course: It is atop most course of stone masonry provided
immediately above the cornice to prevent the tendency of the cornice to
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overturn. It also adds to the aesthetics of the cornice.

 Sill: It is a horizontal member of stone, concrete or wood, employed for
the purpose of shedding off rain water from the face of wall immediately
below the window opening. It gives support to the vertical members of a
wooden window frame.
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 Coping: It is a course placed upon the exposed top of an external wall to
prevent the seepage of water.
 Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course of stone or brick from
the face of a wall to serve as a support for wall plates.
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 Template: Pieces of stones placed under the end of a beam to distribute

the load over a greater area.
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 Classification of Stone Masonry:

The two main classifications of Stone Masonry are:

1. Rubble Masonry
2. Ashlar Masonry
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 Continued….
1) Rubble Masonry:
 This is the stone masonry type where stones employed are either
undressed or roughly dressed.
 These masonry constructions do not have a uniform thickness.
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 The strength of the rubble masonry is dependent on the:

- Quality of Mortar Used
- Use of Long through stones
- Proper filling of mortar between the stone spaces and joints
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Rubble Masonry is again classified into following types:
1. Dry Rubble Masonry
2. Uncoursed rubble masonry
3. Coursed rubble masonry
4. Square Uncoursed Rubble Masonry
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1. Dry Rubble Masonry:

 These are rubble masonry construction performed without the use of
mortar. Small spaces are filled with smaller stone pieces.
 It is used in pitching the earthen dams and the canal slopes.
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Dry Rubble Masonry

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2. Uncoursed rubble masonry:
 An uncoursed rubble masonry is the cheapest and roughest form of stone
masonry construction.
 These construction use stones of varied shape and size. The stones are
directly taken from the quarry called as undressed stone blocks.
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 The courses is not maintained regularly in this method of construction.

Initially larger stones are laid first. The spaces between them are filled
with spalls or sneeks.
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Uncoursed Rubble Masonry

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3. Coursed rubble masonry:
 In coursed rubble masonry construction, the stones in a particular course
are in equal heights.
 The stones hence used possess different sizes. In this type, all the courses
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do not have same height.

 This type is commonly employed in the construction of public buildings,
abutments, residential buildings and piers of ordinary bridges.
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Coursed Rubble Masonry

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 Continued….
4. Square Uncoursed Rubble Masonry
 The stones are made roughly square shape and used in construction. The
facing stones are provided a hammer-dressed finish.
 Larger stones are used as quoins. Chips are not used as bedding.
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Square Uncoursed Rubble Masonry

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5. Square Coursed Rubble Masonry
 The stones are semidressed i.e edges are sharp and surface is
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Square Coursed Rubble Masonry

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2) Ashlar Masonry:
 Ashlar masonry is a type of stone masonry which is formed using finely
dressed stones of same size, shape, and texture laid together in cement or
lime mortar of equal size joints at right angles to each other.
 The masonry built using ashlar stones is rectangular where cuboid blocks
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are laid in horizontal courses or layers. The joints between the stones are

very thin, regular, and of uniform thickness, which make the ashlar
masonry very strong and sturdy.
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Ashlar Masonry
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 Types of Ashlar Masonry:

The classifications of Ashlar Masonry are:

1. Ashlar Fine Masonry
2. Ashlar Chamfered Masonry
3. Ashlar Rock Quarry Faced (Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry)
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4. Ashlar Facing Masonry

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1. Ashlar Fine Masonry:
 This is the finest type of ashlar stone masonry. The bed, joints and faces
of the stones are chisel-dressed to remove all unevenness and obtain
perfectly horizontal and vertical joints.
 The mortar joints are so thin that they are barely exposed which gives this
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type of masonry, a very close and packed finish.

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Ashlar Fine Masonry

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 Continued….
2. Ashlar Chamfered Masonry:
 It is a special type of ashlar rock faced in which the strip provided around
the perimeter of the exposed face is chamfered at an angle of 45 degree to
a depth of 25 mm.
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Ashlar Chamfered Masonry

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3. Ashlar Rock Quarry Faced:
 In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides are finely chisel dressed
but the exposed face is dressed by rough tooling.
 This dressing gives the masonry a rough exposed finish to the masonry.
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Ashlar Rock Quarry Faced

 Continued….
4. Ashlar Facing Masonry:
 This type of ashlar masonry is used to give the building an exposed and
good aesthetics.
 The exposed faces of the stones are rough tooled and chamfered.
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Ashlar Facing Masonry