VIDARBHA YOUTHS WELFARE SOCIETYS

PROF. RAM MEGHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

REASEARCH,BADNERA (444701)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR ON

“ROCKER BOGIE
MECHANISM”
Under the Guidance of
Dr. S.J. Deshmukh
• CONTENTS

1) Introduction
2) Origin of the earth (Laplace)
3) The rock cycle
4) Continental drift theory
5) Sea-Floor spreading theory
6) Plate tectonics theory
7) Indian monsoon
Introduction:
Geography is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands,
features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets.
Branches of geography i.e Physichal Geography, Human
Geography.
Geomorphology may be defined as the scientific study of surface
features of the earth surface involving interpretative description
of the landforms, their origin and the development and nature
and mechanism of the geomorphological processes which evolve
the landform.
 Origin Of Earth
Laplace Hypothesis:
 Propounded his ‘nebular hypothesis’ in the year 1796.
 Concept elaborted in his book ‘Exposition Of The World system’.
 It is just modified version of Kant’s (mathematical) Hypothesis.
Assumption:
 There was a huge and hot gaseous nebula.
 From the beginning nebula was rotating on its axis.
 The nebula was continuously cooling due to loss of heat from the
outer surface through the process of the radiation and thus it was
continuously reducing in size due to contraction on cooling.
Merits:
 Commanded great respect for more than 150 year.
 Simplicity of laplace hypothesis.
 Solved the defects in kant hypothesis.
 Elaborate the concepts about origin of the solar system and
the earth.
Demerits:
 Did not describe the source of the origin of the nebula.
 What was the reason behind the formation of certain fixed
number of
planets.
 If we accept the hypothesis then the planet must have been
in liquid stage.
 The Rock Cycle
• Igneous rock formed due to cooling, solidification and
crystallization of molten earth materials known as magma
(bellow the earth surface) and Lava (on the earth surface).
e.g. Basalt, andeside.
• Sedimentary rock formed lithification and compression and
cementation of the sediments deposited in a particular place
mainly aquatic areas, e.g. Sandstones, limestones,
conglomerates etc.
• Metamorphic rock means complete alteration in appearance
of pre-existing rocks formed due to change in the mineral
composition and texture through temperature and pressure.
 Continental Drift Theory
 Pro. Alfred wegener of Germany was propounded in the year
1912.
 The main problem before Wegener, which needed explanation,
was related to climate changes in the past history of the earth.
 The climate changes which have occurred on the globe may be
explain in the two ways.
(1) If the continents remained stationary at their places, the
climate zone might have shifted from one region to the another
region.
(2) If the climate zone remained stationary the land masses
might have been displaced and drifted.
Theory:
 Wegener believed in three layers
system of the earth i.e.
SiAl,SiMa,NiFe.
 He said all the landmasses were
united together in the form of one
landmass, which he named Pangaea,
in carboniferos period. And the
Pangaea surrounded by the one hug
water body called Panthalasa.
 Pangaea divided in two parts i.e.
Lauratia and Gondwana.
 The Pangaea was disrupted during
the subsequent periods and broken
land present position of the
continents and ocean basins
become possible.
Evidences in support of the theory:
 Convection Current Theory
 Arthur Holmes postulated his thermal convection current
theory in the year 1928-29.
 The objective was to explain the formation of the continent
and ocean basins in terms of continental drift. The driving
force of mountain building implied by Arthur Holmes is
provided by the mechanism of thermal convection current.
 He also said the SiAl is absent in the oceanic areas.
 This theory overcome the drawback of the continental drift
theory related to the drifting force.
 The origin of the thermal convection currents within the earth
depends on the presence of radioactive elements in the rocks.