MATERIAL SELECTION

FOR HEAT TRANSFER

APPLICATIONS

Presented by:
Shiva Charak
 CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS SELECTION

• Criteria for making the initial selection will include an assessment of each of the following;
 The normal operating parameters
 Define the heat exchanger requirements
 Establish a strategy for evaluating candidate materials
 Identify candidate materials
 Evaluate materials in depth
 CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS SELECTION

• Criteria for making the final selection will include an assessment of each of the following:
 Ease of fabrication
 Initial cost
 Maintenance cost, including consideration of how frequently the equipment will need to be
inspected for corrosion
 Consequences of failure.
• Physical Properties
 High heat transfer coefficient (requiring high thermal conductivity for tube material)
 Thermal expansion coefficient to be low
• Mechanical Properties
 Good tensile and creep properties
 Good fatigue, corrosion fatigue and creep-fatigue behaviour.
 High fracture toughness and impact strength to avoid fast fracture.
• Corrosion Resistance
 Low corrosion rate to minimise the corrosion allowance (and also radioactivity control in heat
exchangers for nuclear industry)
 Resistance to corrosion from off normal chemistry resulting from leak in upstream heat
exchanger or failure in the chemistry control
 Tolerance to chemistry resulting from mix up of shell and tube fluids.
 MATERIAL USED FOR TURBINE BLADES

• Main requirements in materials for turbines blades are:

 High melting point
 Good oxidation/corrosion behaviour
 High temperature performance
 Microstructural stability at high temperature
 Low density
 High stiffness
 Easy to process
 Cost
 MATERIAL USED FOR TURBINE BLADES
• Aside from alloy improvements, a major breakthrough was the development of
 Directional solidification (DS) and single crystal (SC): These increases strength
against fatigue and creep by aligning grain boundaries in one direction (DS) or by
eliminating grain boundaries altogether (SC).
 Thermal barrier coatings (TBC): TBCs improved corrosion and oxidation resistance.

• Following are materials which were used for turbine blades:

 U-500, Rene 77, Rene N5, Rene N6, PWA1484, CMSX-4, CMSX-10, Inconel, GTD-
111, EPM-102, Nimonic 80a, Nimonic 90, Nimonic 105, Nimonic 263
 MATERIAL USED FOR TURBINE BLADES
• Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
 Molybdenum caught the attention due to its high melting point (2617°C) and the Mo-Si-B
alloy is expected to run in engines at temperatures significantly higher than current
materials. This alloy has extraordinarily good properties at high temperatures; paradoxically,
it is at low temperatures where the problems arise as it becomes more brittle. This
brittleness also brings additional challenges for processing the material into the right shape.
• Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
 CMCs have been under research for decades and are now set to appear in hot components
of gas turbine engines. They possess resistance to high-temperatures and good mechanical
properties. However, they are especially interesting due to their low weight, approximately
one third the weight of current nickel-based super alloys. Additionally, ceramics are
implemented as thermal barrier coatings (TBC), adding resistance to environmental barrier
coatings (EBC). Silicon Carbide (SiC) based CMCs can already be used in commercial aircraft
engines.
 MATERIAL USED IN IC ENGINES

• Material(s) used to manufacture IC engine must possess

High Strength
High Modulus of elasticity,
 High Abrasion resistance,
 High Corrosion resistance.
 MATERIAL USED IN IC ENGINES
Part Material Remarks

Cylinder head Gray Cast iron Usual

Cylinder barrel Cast aluminum Small engines

Pistons Forged aluminum Good thermal

conductivity

Piston pin Steel Wear resistant

Piston rings Steel Wear resistant

Connecting rod Steel Low cost

Crank shaft Steel Low cost

 FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF
MATERIAL OF TUBES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. Water quality
• Water Chloride ,Oxygen and Sulfate, Free Chlorine, Heat, PH, Manganese, Sediment or Mass
Absorption
2. How to operate and maintain
• How to Operate, Cleaning Schedule
3. Heat exchanger design
• Fluid Velocity, Diameter of Heat Exchanger Tube, One Cross Exchanger or Exchanger with U
Shape Tube, Exchanger Order of Orientation, Venting Valve, Tube Sheet Material,
 HEAT EXCHANGERS TUBING MATERIALS
• The recommended materials of construction for steam generator tubing are:

 Heat treated Inconel 600 wire

 Incoloy 800

 Monel 400

 Stainless steel 304

 Stainless steel 316/316L

• It is evident from application experience on fast reactors that steam generators are
the key to successful commercial operation of nuclear reactors.  So the selection of
right materials for the heat exchanger tube is of utmost importance.