Course Content

Metallurgical science and Heat treatment-

Responsibility – Mr. Sachin Meshram and Mr. Mahesh Patil
 Session consist of Description of material grades, Phases of Material, Hardness, Tensile, Yeild, Elongation etc.
- Hardening. Tempering, Quenching, Strain Hardening, Oil Quench, solution annealing etc.
         

- Feasibility of product. 
          

Peeling session –
Responsibility – Mr. Pravin Malkar and Mr. Kiran Choudhury.
  Process Route of production, Critical machine and size range, Capacity of machine, Product feasibility etc.
- Problem facing regarding to order booking, Criticality for operation, Lead time.
         

UT testing and Eddy current testing.

- Deviation required regarding to customer requirement ex.- Packing, chamfering, hard punching, surface finish etc.  
          

- End with Shop floor visit. 

          

Drawing Session-
Responsibility – Mr. Khandekar and Mr. Sujit Singh.
- Process Route of production, Critical machine and size range, Capacity of machine, Product feasibility etc.
          

- Problem facing regarding to order booking, Criticality for operation, Lead time.
          

- Deviation required regarding to customer requirement ex.- Packing, chamfering, surface finish etc.  
          

- End with Shop floor visit. 

          

Costing Part of Product-

Responsibility -  Management Representative
Introduction to Stainless steel: Part-1

Date : 02/11/2020
Content

1. Introduction
2. Classification of the Steel
3. Stainless steel
4. Melting Process
5. Applications
Classification of the steel
• Steel : Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe-C) containing
less than about 2.11 wt % carbon.
• Steel Classified based on the following type.
• The steelmaking method, such as open hearth, basic
oxygen process, or electric furnace methods
• The de-oxidation practice during steel making, such
as killed, semi-killed, capped, or rimmed steel .
• The solidification method, such ingot casting,
continuous casting, or component (shape) casting
• The mill product form, such as bar, plate , sheet, strip,
tubing, or structural shape.
Classification of the steel
• The finishing method, such as hot rolling or cold
rolling
• The microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic, and
martensitic
• The heat treatment, such as annealing, quenching
and tempering, and thermo-mechanical
processing
• Quality descriptors, such as forging quality and
commercial quality
Classification of the steel
• Classification based on Chemical composition.
Steel

Low alloy steel High alloy steel

Low carbon
Tool Steel
(% C-0.05-0.3)

Medium Carbon
Stainless Steel
(% C -0.3-0.6)

High Carbon
( % C-0.6-1.2)
Stainless Steel
• What are Stainless Steel ?
• Stainless steel is an iron-based alloy with a significant
chromium content; in many cases, together with chromium
(Minimum 10.5% ) other special chemical elements are
intentionally added, such as nickel and molybdenum.
• The main characteristics of this family of steels is resistance to
wet corrosion, or electrochemical corrosion, in aggressive
environments such as fresh water, sea water, contaminated
water based solutions, acid and base environments, industrial
environments, etc.
• The presence of chromium alloy ensures the possibility of
creating a very thin layer of oxide (also known as passive film)
on the steel surface, mainly made up of chromium oxides and
hydroxides Cr2O3 and Cr(OH)3:this film is insoluble, compact
and adheres well to the substrate thereby protecting the
material on which it is formed.
Stainless Steel
• Stainless steel Tree Structure

Fig.1 Schematic of the evolution of stainless steels starting from plain carbon
steels: the stainless steel tree structure.
Stainless Steel
• Stainless steel Family
• Four main families of stainless steels are classified
on the basis of the microstructure they have at
ambient temperature.
• Martensitic stainless steels (with a martensitic
microstructure)
• Ferritic stainless steels (with a ferritic
microstructure)
• Austenitic stainless steels (with an austenitic
microstructure)
• Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels (with a mixed
austenitic and ferritic microstructure)
Stainless Steel
• Stainless steel reference standard
• The AISI standard divides stainless steels into set
grades; the most common are the following:
• 200 series: chromium-manganese austenitic stainless
steels.
• 300 series: chromium-nickel austenitic stainless
steels.
• 400 series: chromium martensitic and ferritic
stainless steels.
• 600 series: precipitation hardening stainless steels.
Stainless Steel
• Martensitic Stainless Steel
• The martensitic family of stainless steels is characterized by
limited chromium content (normally between 11.5% and 18%)
and carbon contents among the highest of the stainless steels
most commonly used (generally between 0.1% and 1%).
• Chromium, a highly ferritising element, and carbon, an
austenitising element, are balanced so that the steel has an
austenitic structure at high temperature and a martensitic
structure at ambient temperatures after tempering.
• High content of carbon, required to ensure a good level of
hardness and mechanical resistance for the steel, also tends to
aid the formation of chromium carbides. Consequently
martensitic stainless steels are, among all types, the least
resistant to corrosion.
Stainless Steel
• Martensitic Stainless Steel

Fig.2 Schematic of the main types of martensitic stainless steels

Stainless Steel
• Ferritic Stainless Steel
• When the chromium content in an alloy reaches values of 17% (or greater) and, at the
same time, the presence of carbon is reduced (content below 0.1%), the ferritising effect
of the chromium is no longer compensated for by the austenitising action of the carbon.
Stainless Steel
• Austenitic Stainless Steel
• If the chromium content is increased to at least 17-18% and at the same time nickel is added
to a percentage of 8% to 9%, the steel will have an austenitic structure at ambient
temperature: this is due to the significant austenitising effect of the nickel that predominates
over the ferritising action of the chromium.
Stainless Steel
• Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel
• Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels (also called duplex or
biphasic) owe their name to the presence of a mixed structure
of austenite and ferrite at ambient temperature. This is the
result of the combination of chromium and nickel suitably
balanced in the chemical composition of the alloy: typically,
duplex stainless steels have a chromium content between 22%
and 25%, nickel content between 4% and 7%, with added
molybdenum (3-4%) and nitrogen
Stainless Steel
• Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel
• Precipitation hardening (or PH) stainless steels were
created with the aim of improving the mechanical
behavior of martensitic stainless steels (especially the
fracture toughness), increasing the resistance to
corrosion at the same time. They are classified based
on the microstructure that they have upon the initial
annealing heat treatment: they are divided into
martensitic, semi-austenitic and austenitic. The
hardening phase (after annealing) involves cooling the
material through the finely dispersed precipitation of
intermetallic compounds and interstitials.
Melting Process
1 2 3 4

Process Primary Refining Continuous Rolling

Stage Melting Casting

Main Electric Arc Converter/ AMLC/EM Mechanized

Equipment Furnace VOD S Mill

- Uniform chemistry - Improved surface

- Low gas level and internal
Advantages - Better control on - Better surface &
- Control on qualities
input material incidental dimensional quality
- Good subsurface
impurities quality
Application

Aeronautical Surgical instruments Electric Household appliances

Automotive Solenoid Valves Nuclear Reactor components
Cutlery Pneumatic Cylinder Shafts Brewery equipments
Chemical Processing equipments Pump Shafts Dairy equipments
Oil Field Valve parts Piston Shafts Pharmaceutical equipments
Fasteners Valve Stems
Fuel Injection systems Threaded Bushing
Thank You