Chemistry 9701

AS Session 2020-2022
Lesson # 3
Dated: 1st September, 2020

Topic
Electronic configuration, shells, sub shells and atomic
orbital's
Review of last lesson
Isotopes
Percentage abundance
Formula to calculate Ar
Mass spectrometer
Components of mass spectrometer
Review of worksheet given as home work
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to Understand
 shells, sub-shells and atomic orbital's
 Principle quantum number (n)
 Ground state limited to electronic configuration
 Describe the number of orbital's making s,p and d sub-shells and
number of electrons that can fill s,p and d sub shells
 Describe the order of increasing energy of sub shells within the first three
shells and the 4s and 4p sub shell
 Describe the electronic configuration to include the number of electrons
in each shell and orbital
Learning outcomes
 Electronic configuration
 Define Electronic configuration.
 Arrangement of electrons in different shells and sub-shells around
nucleus in numbers starting from 1,2,3 ……

 Define shells (energy levels).

 Space around nucleus where electrons reside.

 Which alphabet or number is used to represent these shells?

 Alphabet (n) is used to represent different energy levels or shells. This
is also called as principle quantum number.
Eg n= 1 means 1st shell or 1st energy level (closest to the nucleus)
n =2 means 2nd shell or 2nd energy level and so on.
Energy level diagram showing different shells
 Energy level
 Which shell has got more energy? Which is closer to the nucleus or the
farthest???
 The shell which is closes to the nucleus has got minimum amount of
energy. As the distance between nucleus and electronic shell increases,
their energy also increases. e,g n=2 will be having more energy than n=1.
 the outer energy levels have higher energy than the
inner energy levels or shells . The electrons want to be closer to the
nucleus because opposite charges attract each other 
 How many electrons can be accommodated in each shell?
 n=1 , 2 electrons
 n=2, 8 electrons
 n=3 , 18
 n=4, 32 electrons
 Practice questions
 Write down the electronic configuration of following elements.
1. Phosphorous Z= 15
2. Calcium Z=20
3. Aluminum Z = 13
P = 2,8,5
Ca = 2,8,8,2
Al = 2,8,3
 What do you know about sub shells?
 When a shell is further sub divided in to different energy levels, they
are called as sub shells. E.g s,p and d sub shells.
 Each shell has its own sub shells
 Sub-shells
 The principle quantum shell(n) is spitted into different sub shells
(except one)
 The number of sub-shells in each shell is equal to its shell number.
 s sub-shell can contain maximum of 2 electrons
 p sub-shell can contain maximum of 6 electrons
 D sub-shell can contain maximum of 10 electrons
 Energy level of sub-shells
 In any principle quantum shell, energy of sub-shells increases in order
of “s < p < d”
How to learn order of energy levels of subshells?
 Aaf-bau principle

 Electrons should be filled in different energy sub-shells in order of

increasing energy values. e,g electrons are first placed in 1s, 2s, 2p and
the so on.
 Write down electronic configuration of phosphorous P (Z=15).
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCawZwXv9O8
Electronic configuration of potassium
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LREo3zdLj88
 Practice questions
 Write down electronic configurations of following elements.
1. Al +3 ions
2. S-2 ion
3. Bromine Br (Z = 35)
Solution
 More practice questions
 Write down electronic configurations of following elements.
1. Fluorine F (Z=9)
2. Scandium Sc (Z = 21)
3. Oxygen O-2 (Z=8)
4. Magnesium Mg +2 (Z=12)
Solution
Electronic configuration of first 18 elements
 Electronic configuration of copper and
chromium
 Draw electronic configurations of:
 Copper ( Z = 29)
 Chromium (Z= 24)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcWBY08hjmM
 Atomic orbital's
 Atomic orbital is a region of space around nucleus of an atom that can be
occupied by one or two electrons.
 Each sub-shell has various number of atomic orbital's
 s sub-shell has 1 orbital
 p sub-shell has 3 orbital's
 d sub shell has 5 orbital's
 Shapes of orbital's
 Each orbital has a 3 dimensional shape. The probability of finding the
electron in this orbital is maximum (95%).
 s orbital: s stands for spherical. All orbital's are sphere which are only
different in size.
 Shapes of orbital's
 p orbital: It’s a dumb bell shaped orbital with nucleus shaped between two
halves of dumb bell shape.
 There are 3 p orbital's of the same shape but in different orientations. Px, py
and pz having lobes around x,y and z axis
 Relative energies of orbital's
 Each orbital is represented by a square box.
 Pauli's exclusion principle:
 Its impossible for two electrons residing in the same orbital of a poly
electron atom to have same value of four quantum numbers
or
Two electrons in the same orbital should have opposite spin.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDPCAhOTSqc
 Atomic orbital configuration of hydrogen ,helium and lithium
 Example
 Draw electronic configuration of argon (Z=18).
 Hunds rule
 If degenerate orbital's are available and more than one electrons are to
be placed in them, they should be placed in separate orbital's with
same spin rather than putting them in same orbital with opposite spin.

 Example: write down electronic configuration of nitrogen N (Z=7)

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3Q5a3q_5b0
 Examples
 Write down atomic orbital electronic structure of following elements.
 Chlorine Cl (Z= 17)
 Fluorine
 Phosphorous
Questions ??????????
Home work
Write down electronic configuration of first