Biology 9700

NUCLEUS AND
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 NUCLEUS
❖ The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle
that contains genetic material (DNA) of
eukaryotic organisms. As such, it serves to
maintain the integrity of the cell by facilitating
transcription and replication processes. It's the
largest organelle inside the cell taking up about
a tenth of the entire cell volume.
ANATOMY OF CELL NUCLEUS
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH
 NUCLEAR PORES

❖ The nuclear pore is a protein-lined channel in

the nuclear envelope that regulates the
transportation of molecules between
the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells,
the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm and
surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
❖ A nuclear membrane is a
double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It
serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest
of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an
array of small holes or pores that permit the
passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids
and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
 NUCLEOLUS
❖ The nucleolus is a round body located
inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. It is
not surrounded by a membrane but lies in
the nucleus. The nucleolus makes
ribosomal subunits from proteins and
ribosomal RNA, also known as rRNA.
 NUCLEOPLASM
❖ The substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not
forming part of a nucleolus. The nucleoplasm
perform certain functions such as supporting the
chromatin material and nucleolus and providing
rigidity to the nucleus. It is the site of synthesis of
DNA, RNA and ribosomal subunits.
 CHROMATIN
❖ Chromatin is a substance within a chromosome
consisting of DNA and protein. The DNA carries
the cell's genetic instructions. The major proteins
in chromatin are histones, which help package the
DNA in a compact form that fits in the cell nucleus.
 CHROMOSOME
❖  Chromosome is a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule
with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an
organism. 
A chromosome is the structure housing DNA in a cell.
Chromosomes are structurally quite sophisticated, containing
elements necessary for processes such as replication and
segregation. Each species has a characteristic set of
chromosomes with respect to number and organization.
 EXAMPLE
❖ For example, humans have 23 pairs of
chromosomes--22 pairs of numbered chromosomes
called autosomes, 1 through 22, and one pair of sex
chromosomes, X and Y. Each parent contributes
one chromosome of each pair to an offspring.
 WRAP UP
❖ Sum up main points https:
//www.youtube.com/
watch?v=sL7bE_PA_SE
 CLASS WORK
❖ LINK

❖ https://padlet.com/tchr39059/6s5rgnw1hnf1ypri
 QUESTIONS AS FEEDBACK

❖ Which cell has no nucleus?

❖ Do onion cells have a nucleus?

❖ What are the important parts of nucleus?

❖ What role is played by nuclear pores and where are they located in
the nucleus?
❖ Why red blood cell has no nucleus?
 LINK FOR ONLINE QUIZ
ON NUCLEUS
❖ https://www.ducksters.com/science/quiz/cell_nucleus_questions.
php
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

❖ a network of membranous tubules within

the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
continuous with the nuclear membrane. It
usually has ribosomes attached and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
❖ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in biology,
a continuous membrane system that forms
a series of flattened sacs within the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves
multiple functions, being important
particularly in the synthesis, folding,
modification, and transport of proteins 
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
❖ Key Takeaways

❖ A cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains a network

of tubules and flattened sacs. The ER performs multiple
functions in both plant and animal cells.
❖ Endoplasmic reticulum has two major regions: smooth
endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough ER contains attached ribosomes while smooth
ER does not.
 TYPES
❖ Via the attached ribosomes, rough endoplasmic
reticulum synthesizes proteins via the translation
process. Rough ER also manufactures membranes.

❖ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves as a

transitional area for transport vesicles. It also
functions in carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.
Cholesterol and phospholipids are examples.
 SER /RER

❖ Rough and smooth ER are typically

connected to one another so that the
proteins and membranes made by the rough
ER can freely move into the smooth ER for
transport to other parts of the cell.
 FUNCTIONS
❖ The rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures
membranes and secretory proteins.
The ribosomes attached to the rough ER synthesize
proteins by the process of translation. In
certain leukocytes (white blood cells), the rough ER
produces antibodies. In pancreatic cells, the rough
ER produces insulin.
❖ The rough and smooth ER are usually
interconnected and the proteins and membranes
made by the rough ER move into the smooth ER
to be transferred to other locations. Some proteins
are sent to the Golgi apparatus by special transport
vesicles. After the proteins have been modified in
the Golgi, they are transported to their proper
destinations within the cell or exported from the
cell by exocytosis.
 FUNCTIONS
❖ The smooth ER has a wide range of functions
including carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. Lipids
such as phospholipids and cholesterol are necessary
for the construction of cell membranes. Smooth
ER also serves as a transitional area for vesicles that
transport ER products to various destinations.
 FUNCTIONS
❖ In liver cells the smooth ER produces enzymes
that help to detoxify certain compounds.
In muscles the smooth ER assists in the
contraction of muscle cells, and in brain cells it
synthesizes male and female hormones.
SER
RER
 WRAP UP
❖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH5k8XYKycs

❖ Sum up main points

 HOME WORK PADLET AND
ONLINE QUIZ

❖ What is the endoplasmic reticulum connected to?

❖ What is the main role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

❖ What are the functions of RER and SER?

❖ https://padlet.com/tchr39059/6s5rgnw1hnf1ypri

❖ https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5a95c9b175c1c9001e9442b7/
rough-endoplasmic-reticulum