CELL

• All living things • Cells are the

are made of building blocks
CELLS. of life.
Terms:
• CYTOPLASM is the gelatinous liquid that
fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of
water, salts, and various organic
molecules.
-It provides a platform upon which other organelles
can operate within the cell. All of the functions for
cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out
in the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Floating around in the cytoplasm
are small structures called
ORGANELLES.
-Organelles carry out function that is necessary
to maintain homeostasis in the cell. They are
involved in many processes, for example energy
production, building proteins and secretions,
destroying toxins, and responding to external
signals
Remember:
• Like the organs in your own body, each one
carries out a specific function necessary for
the cell to survive.
• Imagine the cells as a miniature city.
-The organelles might represent
companies, places, or parts of the city
because they each have similar jobs.
 Important parts of the Cell:
 The CYTOPLASM is the entire
region of a cell between the
plasma membrane and the nuclear
envelope. It is made up of
organelles suspended in the gel-
like CYTOSOL, the cytoskeleton,
and various chemicals.
It is involved in signal transduction between
the cell membrane and the nucleus and
organelles. It transports metabolites from their
production site to other parts of the cell. It is
important for cytokinesis, when the cell divides
in mitosis. The cytosol plays a role in eukaryote
metabolism
 The NUCLEUS is a large,
round/oval structure usually located
near the center of the cell. It is the
CONTROL CENTER for all the
activities of the cell. It houses the
cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis
of ribosomes and proteins.

-The primary functions of the

nucleus are to store the cell's
DNA, maintain its integrity, and
facilitate its transcription and
replication.
Important parts of the Cell:

• As we go inside the nucleus, we will find a darkly

staining area called the NUCLEOLUS that is
responsible for assembling the subunits of the
ribosomes.
 The CELL MEMBRANE is a
thin, flexible envelope that
surrounds the cell. It allows the
cell to change shape and
controls what goes into and out
of the cell

-The cell membrane regulates

the transport of materials
entering and exiting the cell.
The ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM consists of a
network of a tube-like
passageway that proteins from
the ribosomes are transported
through.

-The main function of

endoplasmic reticulum it to
produce proteins for the rest of
the cell to function.
- The ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (RER) has
ribosomes attached to its
cytoplasmic surface give it a
studded appearance.

-The rough endoplasmic

reticulum has on it
ribosomes, which are
small, round organelles
whose function it is to
make those proteins.
- The SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (SER) is continuous
with the RER but has few or no
ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.
Functions of the SER include
synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids,
and steroid hormones; detoxification
of medications and poisons; and
storage of calcium ions.

-The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in many metabolic

processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma
membranes, and steroids
The RIBOSOMES are small grain-like bodies made mostly of
RNA and produced in the nucleolus. Proteins ENDOPLASMIC
are constructed at the ribosomes.

- A ribosome functions as a
micro-machine for making
proteins. Ribosomes are
composed of special proteins
and nucleic acids. The
TRANSLATION of information
and the Linking of AMINO
ACIDS are at the heart of the
protein production process.
The CHLOROPLAST is an oval, green
structure found in the cytoplasm.

- It contains chlorophyll and

present in PLANT CELL only.

- It captures the sun’s energy

and uses it to produce sugars
in a process called
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
- The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner
membrane, and membrane structures called
THYLAKOIDS that are stacked into grana.
-The principal functions of thylakoids are
the trapping of light energy and the
transduction of this energy into the
chemical energy forms, ATP and
NADPH. During this process, water is
oxidized and oxygen is released

- The light harvesting reactions take place

in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES, and
the synthesis of sugar takes place in the
fluid inside the inner membrane, which is
called the STROMA.
The MITOCHONDRIA are tiny bean-
shaped structures in the cytoplasm with
a smooth outer membrane, and a
greatly folded inner membrane.
-The classic role of mitochondria is oxidative
phosphorylation, which generates ATP by utilizing the
energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat.
ATP is used in turn as the primary energy source for
most biochemical and physiological processes, such as
growth, movement and homeostasis.

- They are often called the “POWERHOUSES” or “ENERGY FACTORIES”

of a cell because they are responsible for making ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP), the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule. They
supply the energy for the cell by transforming sugars into energy.
The LYSOSOMES are
small round structures
found in the cytoplasm.

- They contain digestive

enzymes that break
down large food
particles into sugars
and other simple
substances.
The VACUOLE is a large,
round sac found in the
cytoplasm. It stores water,
food, wastes, or other
materials needed by the cell.

-In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small

and help sequester waste products.

-In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water

balance.
The CHROMOSOMES are rod-
shaped bodies found in the
nucleus. They are made of DNA
and protein.

-They contain all the information to run

the cell. They also pass on the
hereditary traits of the cell to new
cells.

-The main function of chromosomes is to carry the DNA and

transfer the genetic information from parents to offspring.
Chromosomes play an important role during cell division. They
protect the DNA from getting tangled and damaged
The GOLGI APPARATUS is a
series of flattened membranes
made up of a series of stacked
membranes that sorts, tags, and
packages lipids and proteins for
distribution

-The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi

complex, functions as a factory in
which proteins received from the ER
are further processed and sorted for
transport to their eventual
destinations.
-Macrophages are tissue-
resident or infiltrated
immune cells critical
for innate immunity,
normal tissue
development,
homeostasis, and repair
of damaged tissue.
Thank you!!!