Functions, Domain and Range
• Function
• Graph of Simple Functions
• Vertical Line Test
• Piecewise-Defined Functions
• Shifting Graph of a Function
• Domain and Range of Functions
# What is Function?
Almost anything can view as a function.
The value of ‘f’
or (more specifically)
The Image of x under ‘f’
e.g. f(x) = x + 2 f(1) =3, f(2)=4
# Is it only an Equation?
Function is most general thing than an equation.
1 f(−3)= −1,
x2 ; x 2
2
f x x 6 ; 2 x 3 f(0)= −6,
x6 ; x3
f(10)= 4
Representation of Function:
function
dependent
y = f(x)
Input/ independent variable /
Variable of ‘f’ Argument of ‘f’
Definition of Function:
If a variable ‘x‘ in such way that each value of x
determines or gives exactly one value of ‘y’ , then
we say that “y is a function of x”. We can write
function as y = f(x).
if x is real, then f is called real
valued function.
y = f(x)
if x is complex, then f is called
complex valued function.
Graph of Simple Functions:
Absolute Value Function:
Definition: Piecewise defined function
A Piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence
of intervals. breakpoints
(─∞, 0)
[0, 1]
(0, +∞)
Vertical Line Test:
this curve cannot be
a graph of a function.
Shifting a Graph of a Function:
# Sketch the graph of the function y x 2 1
Solution:
y = f(x + h) +k and h= −2 , k = −1
Sketch : y = I x- 3 I + 2
Some Graphs
.
Domain and Range of a Function:
set of all allowable inputs
is called Domain; Df
y = f(x)
set of all outputs is called Range; Rf
Definition of Domain and Range:
Let y = f (x) is a function, then the set of all allowable inputs ( x- values)
is called the ‘Domain of f ’, and the set of all outputs ( y- values) that
result when x- varies over domain is called the ‘Range of f ’. Generally,
domain of f (x) denoted by Df and range of f (x) denoted by Rf
Example: f(x) = x+1 Domain, Df = ℝ or, {x: x ∈ ℝ }
Range, Rf = ℝ or, {y: y ∈ ℝ }
Find Domain and Range:
# Find the domain and range of the function y = I x I.
Solution:
The function y = I xI is define for every real value of x i.e x ∈ ℝ. So domain
Df = ℝ or, { x : x ∈ ℝ }
Again, for every real value of x the out put of the function y = I xI is a
non-negative real number. So, range
Rf = { y : 0 ≤ y < ∞ } or, [0, ∞) ▄
# Find the domain and range of the function y = 1− x2
Solution:
Since y = f (x) is defined for all x ∈ ℝ,.
∴ Domain , Df = ℝ or, {x: x ∈ ℝ }
Since x2 ≥ 0, therefore the maximum value of y = f (x) is 1.
∴ Range , Rf = (− ∞, 1) ▄
# Sketch the graph and find domain & range of the function f(x) = 1+
x2
Solution:
Here function y = f (x) is defined for every x ∈ ℝ .
∴ Domain of f, Df = ℝ
For every x ∈ ℝ , the minimum value of the
function is 1 and maximum value is ‘infinity’.
So, range of f, Rf = [1, ∞) ▄
# Sketch the graph and find the domain
and range of the function f x x
Solution:
The function y = f (x) is defined for every
value of x if − x ≥ 0, ⇒ x ≤ 0 .
∴ Domain, Df = (− ∞, 0]
For every x ∈ (− ∞, 0), we get y ≥ 0.
∴ Range, Rf = [0, ∞) ▄
# Sketch and find the domain and range of the function
x ; 0 x 1
f x
2 x ; 1 x 2
Solution:
Here the function y = f(x) is defined for
0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 1 < x ≤ 2.
∴ Domain, Df = [0, 1]∪ (1, 2]
= [0, 2]
For every x ∈ [0, 2], the minimum value of y is 0 and maximum value is 1.
∴ Range, Rf = [0, 1] ▄
# Sketch and find the domain and range of the function
3 x ; x 1
F x
2x ; x 1
Solution:
Here the function y = F(x) is defined for x ≥ 1 and x < 1.
∴ Domain, DF = (− ∞, 1) ∪ [1, ∞)
= (− ∞, ∞)
For every x ∈ (− ∞, ∞), the minimum
value of y is 2 and maximum
value is ‘infinity’.
∴ Range, RF= [2, ∞) ▄
