Calculus 1

Functions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Calculus 1

Function and their Graphs,

Domain and Range
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

After the completion of the topics the student can:

• Describe and graph any type of function
• Classify the different types of functions
• Find the domain and range of a function
Definition
If for any x in the domain of the equation (the domain is
all the x’s that can be plugged into the equation), the
equation will yield exactly one value of y when we
evaluate the equation at a specific x.
Example:

Determine if each of the following are functions.

1. y = x + 1
2. y = x2 + 1
3. y2 = x + 1
1. y = x + 1

Given an x, no matter what value of x you put into the equation, there is only one possible
value of y when we evaluate the equation at that value of x.

2. y = x2 + 1

Given an x, no matter what value of x you put into the equation, there is only one possible
value of y when we evaluate the equation at that value of x.

3. y2 = x + 1

Given an x, say 3, if you put 3 into the equation, the value of y when we evaluate the
equation at x = 3 is y = 2 and – 2.
Since there are two possible values of y at x = 3, that we get from a single x this equation
isn’t a function.
Function Notation
Function notation gives you greater flexibility than using just "y" for every formula.

In textbooks and when writing things out, we use different function names
like f (x), g(x), h(x), s(t), etc, to keep track of, and work with, more than one formula
in any single context. With function notation, we can now use more than one function
at a time without confusing ourselves or mixing up the formulas, leaving ourselves
wondering "Okay, which 'y' is this one?" And the notation can be usefully explanatory.
(purplemath.com)

Example:
We can rewrite, y = x2 – 4x + 4 as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4
or g(x) = x2 – 4x + 4
or h(x) = x2 – 4x + 4
Graph of a Function
The graph of the function y = f(x) consists of all points (x,f(x)) where x is in the domain of f.

x = the directed distance from the y – axis

f(x) = the directed distance from the x – axis
Common Graphs

Images from https://www.expii.com/t/classifying-common-functions-4320

Common Graphs

Images from https://www.expii.com/t/classifying-common-functions-4320

Common Graphs

Images from https://www.expii.com/t/classifying-common-functions-4320

Common Graphs

Images from https://www.expii.com/t/classifying-common-functions-4320

Common Graphs

Images from https://www.expii.com/t/classifying-common-functions-4320

Common Graphs

Images from https://www.expii.com/t/classifying-common-functions-4320

Graphing:
1. Graph y = 2x + 3

Using table of values:

x Y
-2 -1
-1 1
0 3
1 5
2 7

This is a linear function. Graph of these functions

are straight lines.
Both variables are of degree 1. https://www.geogebra.org/graphing
2. Graph y = |x – 5|

Using table of values:

x Y
3 2
4 1
5 0
6 1
7 2

This is a an absolute value function. https://www.geogebra.org/graphing

3. Graph g(x) = sinx + 6

Using table of values:

x Y
- 2π 6
3 7
- 2π
-π 5
π 6
−
2
0 6
π 7
2
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Solutions/CalcI/CommonGraphs/Prob3.aspx
π 6
3 5
π
2
2π 6
4. Graph y = ln(x) + 1/3

Using table of values:

x y
0 Math
error
1 1/3
2 1.03
3 1.43
4 1.72
https://www.geogebra.org/graphing

This is a logarithmic function.

5. Graph y = (x – 3)2 - 1

Using table of values:

x y
-2 24
-1 15
0 8
1 3
2 0
3 -1
4 0
5 3 https://www.geogebra.org/graphing

This is a quadratic function. The graph is a

parabola.
6. Graph y = 2x + 1

Using table of values:

x y
-2 5/4
-1 3/2
0 1
1 3
2 5

This is an exponential function.

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing
7. Graph y = 1 − x

Using table of values:

x y
-1 Math Error
0 1
1 0
4 -1
9 -2

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing
Domain and Range
Domain

- is the set of all values that can be plugged into a function and have the function exist and have
a real number for a value.

e.g. we need to avoid division by zero, square roots of negative numbers, logarithms of zero and
logarithms of negative numbers

Range

- is the set of all possible values that a function can take.

(Domain , Range) = (x , y) = (x , f(x)) = (input , output)

Example
Find the domain and range of the following functions:

1. f(x) = 4x – 8
2. g(x) = 5x − 15
3. h(t) = t2 – 4t + 4
4. f(x) = |x – 7| – 3
5. g(s) = 10
Find the domain and range of the following functions:

1. f(x) = 4x – 8

This is a line with slope of 4, it’s not a horizontal line nor a vertical line. Therefore, this function can
take on any value and the range is all real numbers.
Domain: −∞, ∞
Range: −∞, ∞

2. g(x) = 5𝑥 − 15

This is a square root and we know that square roots are always positive or zero. Therefore the
range will be,
Range: 0, ∞
We don’t take square roots of negative numbers, so
5x – 15 ≥ 0
x≥3
Therefore the domain is,
Domain: 3, ∞
Find the domain and range of the following functions:

3. h(t) = t2 – 4t + 4

Here we have a quadratic, which is a polynomial, so we again know that the domain is all real
numbers
Domain: −∞, ∞

For the range, recall that the graph of a quadratic equation is a parabola. And for the given, the
parabola opens upward, thus the vertex is the lowest point in the said parabola.

b −4
t = − 2a = − 2 1
= 2 and h(t) = 0 when t =2, thus

Range: 0, ∞
4. f(x) = |x – 7| – 3

This function contains an absolute value and we know that absolute value will be either positive
or zero. In this case the absolute value will be zero if x = 7 and so the absolute value portion of
this function will always be greater than or equal to zero. We are subtracting 3 from the absolute
value portion and so we then know that the range will be
Range:[−3,∞)
We can plug any value into an absolute value and so the domain is once again all real numbers or,
Domain:(−∞, ∞)

5. g(s) = 10

This function may seem a little tricky at first but is actually the easiest one in this set of examples.
This is a constant function and so any value of s that we plug into the function will yield a value of
10. This means that the range is a single value or
Range:10
Still, the domain the set of all real numbers.
Domain: −∞, ∞
Example: (more complicated)

Find the domain of the following functions:

x+5
1. f(x) = x2 −x−12

2. g(x) = x 2 − 2x − 15

x+5
3. h(x) =
x2 −2x−15
Find the domain of the following functions:

x+5
1. f(x) = x2 −x−12

With this problem we need to avoid division by zero, so we need to determine where the
denominator is zero which means solving,

x 2 − x − 12 = 0
where x = − 3 and x = 4

So, these are the only values of x that we need to avoid and so the domain is,

Domain: All real numbers except x = − 3 and x = 4

Find the domain of the following functions:

2. g(x) = x 2 − 2x − 15

In this case we need to avoid square roots of negative numbers and so need to require that,
x 2 − 2x − 15 ≥ 0
First, determine where x 2 − 2x − 15 = 0.
So the function will be zero at x = - 3and x = 5.

There are three regions in the number line: when x < - 3, - 3 < x < 5 and when x > 5.
Just pick any integer on the given regions and substitute.
When x < - 3, say pick x = - 5, then (−5)2 −2 −5 − 15 = 20, 20 ≥ 0
When – 3 < x < 5, say pick x = 0, then (0)2 −2 0 − 15 = −15, −15 ≤ 0
When x > 5, say pick x = 6, then (6)2 −2 6 − 15 = 9, 9 ≥ 0

So, the domain is: x ≤ - 3 and x ≥ 5.

Find the domain of the following functions:

𝑥+5
3. h(t) =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15

This is a combination of the two previous example. The denominator cannot be equal to zero. Thus
the domain is

So, the domain is: x < - 3 and x > 5.

 Calculus 1

Algebra of
Functions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

After the completion of the topics the student can:

• Evaluate the value of a function
• Perform operations on functions
• Identify odd and even functions
Evaluation of Function:
Given: f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4. Find each of the following:

1. f(0)

2. f(4)

3. f(- 4)

4. f(s)

5. f(s + 2)
Given: f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4

1. f(0) = 0 + 0 + 4 = 4

2. f(4) = 42 – 4(4) + 4 = 4

3. f(- 4) = (- 4)2 – 4(- 4) + 4 = 16 + 16 + 4 = 32

4. f(s) = s2 – 4s + 4

5. f(s + 2) = (s +2)2 – 4(s + 2) + 4 = s2 + 4s + 4 – 4s – 8 + 4 = s2

Operations on Function Function Composition

Given: f(x) and g(x), then The composition of f(x) and g(x) is

(f ±g) x = f x ± g x (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))

f∙g x = f x ∙g x

f f(x)
x =
g g(x)
Example:
Given: f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 8
g(x) = x + 4
h(x) = x – 2
Evaluate:

1. (f + g + h)(x)
2. (g∙ h)(x)
f
3. h (x)
4. (f ∘ g)(2)
5. (f ∘ g)(x)
6. (f ∘ h)(4)
7. (f ∘ h)(x)
8. (f ∘ f)(x)
Example:
Given: f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 8
g(x) = x + 4
h(x) = x – 2

Evaluate:

1. (f + g + h)(x) = f(x) + g(x) + h(x) 5. (f ∘ g)(x) = f(x + 4) = x 2 + 6x

= (x 2 −2x − 8) + (x + 4) + (x – 2) = x 2 −6
6. (f ∘ h)(4) = f(h(4)) = − 8
2. (g∙ h)(x) = g(x)∙h(x)
= (x + 4)(x – 2) = x 2 + 2x − 8 7. (g ∘ h)(x) = g(x – 2) = x + 2

3.
f
x =
f(x)
=
x2 −2x−8 8. (g ∘ g)(x) = g(x + 4) = x + 8
h h(x) x−2

4. (f ∘ g)(2) = f(g(2)) = f(6) = 16

Piecewise Function

A piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence of intervals.

Example: Absolute Value

−x for x < 0
x = ቐ0 for x = 0
x for x > 0
Example:

Given:

I. Evaluate: II. What is the domain?

1. f(-1) =-7 III. What is the range?

2. f(0) =-3
3. f(1) =1 Answers:
4. f(2) =5
5. f(3) =7 Domain: −∞, ∞
Range : −∞, ∞
Example:
Given:

I. Evaluate: II. What is the domain?

1. f(−1) = − 4 III. What is the range?

2. f(0) = − 1
3. f(1) = 2 Answers:
4. f(2) = 5
5. f(4) = 9 Domain: −∞, ∞
6. f(5) = 10 Range : −∞, ∞
Example:

Given:

I .Evaluate: II. What is the domain?

1. f(−2) = 3 III. What is the range?

2. f(0) = − 1
3. f(1) = 0 Answers:
4. f(2) = 3
5. f(4) = 5 Domain: [−2,8]
6. f(8) = 13 Range : −1,13
Odd Functions

The function y = f(x) is odd if f(– x) = – f(x)

Ex. f(x) = 4x3 – 5x
Note that all exponents are odd. In terms of graphs, it is symmetric about the origin.

Images from: https://curriculum.newvisions.org/math/resources/resource/core-resource-distinguishing-functions-even-odd-neither/

Even Functions

The function y = f(x) is even if f(– x) = f(x)

Ex. f(x) = x4 + 2x2 – 3
Note that all exponents are even. In terms of graphs, mirroring about the y-axis is an
evidence of even functions.

Images from: https://curriculum.newvisions.org/math/resources/resource/core-resource-distinguishing-functions-even-odd-neither/

Neither Odd or Even Functions

Ex. f(x) = 5x4 + 3x3 – 3x + 7

Images from: https://curriculum.newvisions.org/math/resources/resource/core-resource-distinguishing-functions-even-odd-neither/

References:
Printed References

Stewart, James (2018). Calculus: International Metric Version. Australia: Cengage Learning.
Larson, Ron and Bruce H. Edwards (2019). Calculus. Ninth Edition. Australia: Cengage Learning.
Danao, Rolando A. (2017). Core Concepts of Calculus with Applications. Quezon City: The University
of the Philippines Press.
Prieto – Valdez, Juan J. (2017). Calculus Notebook: Calculus and Analytic Geometry.
Stein, Sherman K. (2016). Calculus in the first three dimensions. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
Bittinger, M., Ellenbogen, D. and Surgent, S. (2016). Calculus and its Applications. Singapore: Pearson
Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
References:
Online References

http://www.sosmath.com/calculus/calculus.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/CalculusandAnalysis.html
http://www.calculus.org/
http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/
http://www.math.hmc.edu/calculus/tutorials/
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Calc/
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1
https://www.math24.net/topics-calculus/
http://spot.pcc.edu/math/APEXCalculus/