STATISTICS

AND
PROBABILITY
 STATISTICS

❑ A science involves the methods of collecting,

processing, summarizing and analyzing data in
order to provide answers or solutions to an
inquiry.
❑ Statistics is defined as a science that studies
data to be able to make a decision.
2
 STATISTICAL PROCESS OR NOT

SET A SET B
o How old is our teacher? o How old are the people
residing in our town?
o How many days are there
in December? o Do dogs eat more than cats?
o What is the weight of my o How many books do my
smallest classmate? classmates usually bring to
school? 3
 PROBABILITY

❑ It is a branch of mathematics that deals

with the occurrence of a random event.

❑ The value is expressed from zero to one.

4
https://byjus.com/maths/probability/
 WELCOME TO OUR
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY CLASS!
5
6
7
Additional Class Rules

DON'T HESITATE
TO ASK
RESPECT
QUESTIONS
EVERYONE
DON'T AFRAID TO
If something is EXPLORE
Do not make fun of
unclear, just let me
your classmate's
know through the
mistakes.
chat box or raised
hand.

8
CLASS SCHEDULE

TTH 8:00 AM – 12:00 PM

SYNCHRONOUS TIME: 8:00 AM – 8:45 AM

9:00 AM – 9:45 AM

9
UNIT 1
Random Variables and
Probability Distributions
10
11
11
 OUTCOME/ NUMBER OF
1 ST
TOSS 2 ND
TOSS
SAMPLE SPACE HEADS (X)

H HH 2
H
T HT 1
H TH 1
T
T TT 0

12
 RANDOM VARIABLES

▰ A variable whose possible values are

determined by chance.
▰ A random variable is typically represented by
an uppercase letter, usually X, while its
corresponding lowercase letter ,x, is used to
represent one of its values. 13
 OUTCOME/ NUMBER OF
1ST TOSS 2ND TOSS
SAMPLE SPACE HEADS (X)

H HH 2
H
T HT 1
H TH 1
T
T TT 0

Random Variable: Number of Heads

Value: x = 2, x = 1, x = 1, x = 0 14
VS

15
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
❑ A discrete random variable can only
take a finite (countable) number of
distinct values.
❑The values are exact and can be
represented by nonnegative whole
numbers. 16
 CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
❑ A continuous random variable can assume an
infinite number of values in an interval between
two specific values.
❑ They can assume values that can be represented
not only by nonnegative whole numbers but also
by fractions and decimals.
❑ These values are often results of measurement. 17
 DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS

1. Let Y = the weights in kilograms of randomly selected

students.
(This is continuous random variable because its values can be between any two given weights.)

2. Let X = the length in centimeters of randomly selected

shoes of senior students.
(The values can be obtained by using a measuring device, a ruler. Hence, the random variable X is
a continuous random variable.)
18
 DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS

1. Let X = number of students randomly selected to be

interviewed by a researcher.
(This is a discrete random variable because its possible values are 0, 1, or 2, and so on.)

2.Let Y = numbers of left-handed teachers randomly

selected in faculty room.
(This is a discrete random variable because its possible values are 0, 1, or 2, and so on.)
19
 DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS

1) X = number of points scored in the last season by a

randomly selected basketball player in PBA.
(DISCRETE)
2) Y = the height in centimeter of a randomly selected
student inside the(CONTINUOUS)
library.
3) X = number of birds in a nest.
(DISCRETE)
4) Y = the weight in kg of randomly selected dancers after
taking up aerobics.
(CONTINUOUS)
20
“ DISCRETE
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

21
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
❑ A listing of all possible values of discrete
random variable along with their
corresponding probabilities

❑ The discrete probability distribution can be

presented in tabular, graphical, or formula
form.
22
PROPERTIES

▰  

23
EXAMPLE #1:

x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

a. These corresponding probabilities are each less than 1

but greater than 0.

b. When added, the sum is 1.

∑ P(x) = 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.2
=1 24
EXAMPLE #2:

a) Find the probability that the

arrow will stop at 1, 2, 3 and 4.
 

P(1) = ¼ P(3) = ¼
P(2) = ¼ P(4) = ¼
25
EXAMPLE #2:

b)Construct the discrete probability

distribution of the random
variable X.
x 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

▰  

26
EXAMPLE #3:

x 0 1 2 3 4

P(x)

a. These corresponding probabilities are each less than 1

but greater than 0.

b. When added, the sum is 1.

∑ P(x) = 1/10+ 3/10 + 1/5 (or 2/10)+ 1/10+3/10
= 10/10 or 1 27
EXAMPLE #4:
A random variable X has the probability distribution as
follows:
x 0 1 2 3 4

P(x) 0.05 0.25 0.4 ? 0.06

a) Find P(3)

28
EXAMPLE #4:
a) Find P(3)
x 0 1 2 3 4

P(x) 0.05 0.25 0.4 ? 0.06

29
PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM

❑ It is used to graph discrete

probability distribution
wherein the values of the
discrete random variable X
are set on the horizontal axis
and the probabilities are set
on the vertical axis.
30
https://images.app.goo.gl/bR1LwaRsnVC1wt8L7
 ❤
THANK YOU!
Any questions?