EML 4230 Introduction to Composite Materials

Chapter 3 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Elastic Moduli

Dr. Autar Kaw

Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620

Courtesy of the Textbook

Mechanics of Composite Materials by Kaw
Strength of Materials Approach

A f = t f h,

Am = t m h, and
Ac = t c h
Strength of Materials Approach

A m
Af V m=
Vf= Ac
Ac
tm
tf =
= tc
tc
=1-V f
Strength of Materials Approach
3 2

tc

Lc

t m/2

t m/2
tf FIGURE 3.3
tc Representative volume element of a
unidirectional lamina.
Strength of Materials Approach

h
c
c

tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc

FIGURE 3.4
A longitudinal stress applied to the representative volume element to calculate
the longitudinal Young’s modulus for a unidirectional lamina.
Longitudinal Young’s Modulus
Fc= F f + Fm

F c =  c Ac ,  c = E1  c ,
F f =  f A f , and  f = E f  f , and
F m =  m Am  m = Em  m
 Longitudinal Young’s Modulus

E 1  c Ac = E f  f A f + E m  m Am

If ( c =  f =  m), then :

Af Am
E1 = E f + Em E1 = E f V f + E m V m
Ac Ac
Longitudinal Young’s Modulus

E1 = E f V f + E m V m

F c =  c Ac ,  c = E 1  c ,
F f  f Af
= , and  f = E f  f , and

F m =  m Am  m = Em  m

Ff Ef
= Vf
Fc E 1
Longitudinal Young’s Modulus

FIGURE 3.5
Fraction of load of composite carried by fibers as a function of
fiber volume fraction for constant fiber to matrix moduli ratio.
Example
Example 3.3

Find the longitudinal elastic modulus of a unidirectional Glass/Epoxy

lamina with a 70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass
and epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Also, find the ratio of
the load taken by the fibers to that of the composite.
Example
Example 3.3

Ef = 85 Gpa

Em = 3.4 GPa

E 1 = (85) (0.7 ) + ( 3.4) (0.3)

= 60.52 GPa
 Example
Example 3.3

FIGURE 3.6
Longitudinal Young’s modulus as function of fiber volume fraction and
comparison with experimental data points for a typical glass/polyester lamina.
Example
Example 3.3

Ff 85
= (0.7 ) = 0.9831
F c 60.52
Transverse Young’s Modulus
c

c
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc

FIGURE 3.7
A transverse stress applied to a representative volume
element used to calculate transverse Young’s modulus of a
unidirectional lamina.
Transverse Young’s Modulus
 c= f = m
 c =  f +  m
 c
c = ,
c = t c  c , E2
f
 f = t f  f , and f= , and
Ef
m = t m  m m =
 m

Em
Transverse Young’s Modulus

1 1 tf 1 tm
= + , and
E2 E f tc Em tc

1 V f Vm
= +
E2 E f Em
Example
Example 3.4

Find the transverse Young's modulus of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a fiber

volume fraction of 70%. Use the properties of glass and epoxy from Tables
3.1 and 3.2, respectively.
Example
Example 3.4

E f = 85 GPa
Em = 3.4 GPa

1 0.7 0.3
= +
E 2 85 3.4

E 2 = 10.37 GPa
Transverse Young’s Modulus

FIGURE 3.8
Transverse Young’s modulus as a function of fiber volume fraction
for constant fiber to matrix moduli ratio.
Transverse Young’s Modulus

1
d  4V f  2
= 
s   

d  2 3 V f  2
=
s   
Transverse Young’s Modulus

d
(a)

FIGURE 3.9
d
Fiber to fiber spacing in (a) square packing
(b)
geometry and (b) hexagonal packing geometry.
 Transverse Young’s Modulus

FIGURE 3.10 Theoretical values of transverse Young’s modulus as a function

of fiber volume fraction for a boron/epoxy unidirectional lamina (Ef = 414 GPa, vf =
0.2, Em = 4.14 GPa, vm = 0.35) and comparison with experimental values. Figure
(b) zooms figure (a) for fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental
data from Hashin, Z., NASA tech. rep. contract no. NAS1-8818, November 1970.)
Transverse Young’s Modulus
h
1
1

tm/2
tf
tm/2
(a) tc

tm/2

tc + cT tf + fT tf tc

tm/2

Lc

(b)

FIGURE 3.11
A longitudinal stress applied to a representative volume element to
calculate Poisson’s ratio of unidirectional lamina.
Major Poisson’s Ratio

  f m
T T T
=
c +

f
T
T
f= ,
tf


T
tc  = t f  + tm 
m T T T
 = , and
T
m c f m
tm

T
c
 =
T
c
tc
 Major Poisson’s Ratio


T
f
 f =- L ,
f


T
m
 m = - , and - t c  12  cL = - t f  f  Lf - t m  m  mL

L
m


T
c
 12 = -

L
c
Major Poisson’s Ratio

- t c  12  = - t f  f  - t m  m 
L
c
L
f
L
m

If  c =  f =  m , then :
L L L

t c  12 = t f  f + t m  m

tf tm
 12  f
= + m  12 = f V f + m V m
tc tc
Example
Example 3.5

Find the Major and Minor Poisson's ratio of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a
70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass and epoxy from
Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.
Example
Example 3.5

 f = 0.2

 m = 0.3

 12 = (0.2) (0.7 ) + (0.3) (0.3)

= 0.230
Example
Example 3.5

E1 = 60.52 Gpa

E2 = 10.37 GPa
Example
Example 3.5

E2
 21 = 12
E1
10.37
= 0.230
60.52
= 0.03941
In-Plane Shear Modulus

c
c
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc

FIGURE 3.12
An in-plane shear stress applied to a
representative volume element for finding in-plane
shear modulus of a unidirectional lamina.
In-Plane Shear Modulus

 c =  f + m

 c =  c tc ,

 f =  f t f , and

 m =  m tm
In-Plane Shear Modulus

 c =  f + m

 c= c ,
G12  c =  c tc ,
f
f= , and  f =  f t f , and
Gf

 m= m  m =  m tm
Gm
c =  f + m
tc tf tm
G12 Gf Gm
In-Plane Shear Modulus
c =  f + m
tc tf tm
G12 Gf Gm

If  c =  f =  m , then :

1 1 tf 1 tm
= +
G12 G f t c G m t c

1 V f Vm
= +
G 12 G f G m
Example
Example 3.6

Find the in-plane shear modulus of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a 70% fiber
volume fraction. Use properties of glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2,
respectively.
Example
Example 3.6

E f = 85 GPa  f = 0.2

Ef
Gf =
2 (1 + f )

85
=
2 (1 + 0.2)

= 35.42 GPa
Example
Example 3.6

E m = 3.4 GPa  m = 0.3

Em
Gm =
2 (1 + m)

3.40
=
2 (1 + 0.3)

= 1.308 GPa
Example
Example 3.6

1 0.70 0.30
= +
G12 35.42 1.308

G12 = 4.014 GPa

 In-Plane Shear Modulus

FIGURE 3.13 Theoretical values of in-plane shear modulus as a function of fiber

volume fraction and comparison with experimental values for a unidirectional
glass/epoxy lamina (Gf = 30.19 GPa, Gm = 1.83 GPa). Figure (b) zooms figure (a) for
fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental data from Hashin, Z.,
NASA tech. rep. contract no. NAS1-8818, November 1970.)
Longitudinal Young’s Modulus

E1 = E f V f + E m V m

E2 = 1+   V f
Em 1 - V f

( E f / E m) - 1
=
( E f / E m) + 
Example
Example 3.7

Find the transverse Young's modulus for a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a 70%
fiber volume fraction. Use the properties for glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1
and 3.2, respectively. Use Halphin-Tsai equations for a circular fiber in a
square array packing geometry.
Example
2
Example 3.7

2

FIGURE 3.14
Concept of direction of loading for calculation of
transverse Young’s modulus by Halphin–Tsai equations.
Example
Example 3.7

=2 Ef = 85 GPa Em = 3.4 GPa

(85/3.4 ) - 1
=
(85/3.4 ) + 2

= 0.8889
Example
Example 3.7

E 2 1 + 2(0.8889)(0.7 )
=
3.4 1  (0.8889)(0.7 )

E 2 = 20.20 GPa
 Transverse Young’s Modulus

FIGURE 3.15 Theoretical values of transverse Young’s modulus as a function of fiber

volume fraction and comparison with experimental values for boron/epoxy
unidirectional lamina (Ef = 414 GPa, νf = 0.2, Em = 4.14 GPa, νm = 0.35). Figure (b)
zooms figure (a) for fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental data
from Hashin, Z., NASA tech. rep. contract no. NAS1-8818, November 1970.)
Transverse Young’s Modulus

Ef/Em = 1 implies = 0, (homogeneous medium)

Ef/Em   implies = 1, (rigid inclusions)

1
Ef/Em  0 implies = - (voids)

Transverse Young’s Modulus

12
12

FIGURE 3.16
Concept of direction of loading to calculate in-
plane shear modulus by Halphin–Tsai equations.
Transverse Young’s Modulus

 12 = f V f + m V m

G12 1 +   V f
=
Gm 1 - V f

(G f / G m) - 1
=
(G f / G m) + 

 = 1 + 40 V 10f
Example
Example 3.8

Using Halphin-Tsai equations, find the shear modulus of a Glass/Epoxy

composite with a 70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass and
epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Assume the fibers are circular
and are packed in a square array. Also get the value of the shear modulus by
using Hewitt and Malherbe’s8 formula for the reinforcing factor.
Example
Example 3.8

 =1 G f = 35.42 GPa G m = 1.308 GPa

(35.42/1.308) - 1
=
(35.42/1.308) + 1

= 0.9288
Example
Example 3.8

G12 1 + (1) (0.9288) (0.7 )

=
1.308 1  (0.9288) (0.7 )

G12 = 6.169 GPa

Example
Example 3.8

 = 1 + 40 V 10f
= 1 + 40 (0.7 )10
= 2.130
Example
Example 3.8

(35.42 / 1.308) - 1
=
(35.42 / 1.308) + 2.130
= 0.8928
Example
Example 3.8

G12 1 + ( 2.130) (0.8928) (0.7 )

=
1.308 1 - (0.8928) (0.7 )

G12 = 8.130 GPa

END