Training Module For 3 G (WCDMA) : Day:1 - Day:2

Training Module for 3 G (WCDMA)
Day :1
• WCDMA principle and overview.
• WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer
Day :2
• WCDMA Handover Principle
• WCDMA Power Control Principle
• WCDMA RF Optimization Basic
Day 2
WCDMA Handover Principal

and Analysis
 Why mobile systems need handover?
 UE mobility
 The mobile system is composed of
cells which the coverage ability is
limited.
 Provide continuous service in
mobile system is the basic element
in QoS.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Handover
Chapter 2 Handover Measurement
Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

The Purpose of Handover
 Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element in QoS.
 The load balance: sharing the resource

The Basic Concepts of
Handover
 Active Set
 Monitored Set
 Detected set
 Event reporting
 Event reporting to Periodic reporting
 Periodic reporting
 Radio Link (RL)
 Radio Link Set (RLS)
 Combination way:
 maximum ratio combination
 selection combination
 The soft handover gain
 CPICH
 Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
Types of Handover
 According to the signaling characters:
 Soft handover (softer handover)
 Hard handover
 According to the properties of source cell and target cell

 Intra-frequency handover
 Inter-frequency handover
 Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)
 Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)
 According to the purpose of handover

 Based on Coverage
 Based on Load (Optional)
 Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
 Based on Service (Optional)
The Characters of Different
Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and
hard handover:
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in
active set after Several One
handover
Interruption during No Yes
handover
The frequencies of Only possible in Occurs in Intra-frequency
cells Intra-frequency cells or Inter-frequency cells
cells
The Characters of Different
Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and
softer handover:
 During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB
by maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover they are
combined in RNC by selection combination.
 Compare to later one, the maximum ratio combination give more

gain. So the performance of maximum ratio combination is better.
 Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it does not consume a

lot of transport resource of Iub.
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Softer Handover
RNC
NodeB
Hard Handover
Three Steps of
Handover
 Measurement
 Measurement control
 Measurement execution and the result
Measurement Decision processing
 The measurement report
 Mainly accomplished by UE
 Decision
 Based on Measurement
 The application and distribution of
resource
Execute  Mainly accomplished by RRM in RNC
 Execution
 The process of signaling
 Support the failure drawback
 Measurement control refresh

Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 Basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE internal measurement
Measurement Control and
Measurement Report
Measurement Control ：
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case

Measurement Control and
Measurement Report
Measurement
report ：
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement report, normal case

Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
measurement report
Section 2 Basic concepts of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
Basic Concepts of Measurement
 Measurement values of Handover
 Intra-frequency and inter-frequency:
 CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Path loss
 Inter-frequency ：
 CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No
 Inter-system ：
 GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation
 Reporting methods of measurement

 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
 The events of reporting

 Intra-frequency events ： 1A,1B,1C,1D,1E,1F
 Inter-frequency events ： 2D,2F,2B,2C
 Inter-system events ： 3A,3C
 Others ： 6G,6F
Reporting Criteria
 Reporting Criteria
 Decision formula: For example, 1A event :
 NA 
10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H 1a / 2),
1.Path Loss  i 1 
 NA 
10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H 1a / 2),
2.Other measurement ：  i 1 
 Relative threshold,
threshold Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to Trigger
Mnew : measurement result of cell entering reporting range

Mi : measurement result of cells in active set
NA : number of cells in active set
Mbest : measurement result of best cell in active set
W : weight factor
R : Reporting range
H1a : hysteresis value of 1A event
Key Parameters
measurement report
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
inter-system measurement events
Intra-frequency
Measurement Events
Intra-frequency measurement events are identified with 1x :
 1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.

If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
 1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
 1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than

the primary pilot channel in an active set;
 1D : The best cell changes;
 1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds

the absolute threshold
 1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower

than the absolute threshold
measurement report
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement
events
inter-system measurement events
Inter-frequency Measurement
Events
Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2x:
 2A : The best frequency changes
 2B : The quality of the current cell frequency is lower than a

certain threshold, but that of the non-used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold
 2C : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is higher

than a certain threshold
 2D : The estimated quality of the used frequency is lower than a

certain threshold
 2E : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is lower

than a certain threshold
 2F : The estimated quality of the used frequency is higher than

a certain threshold
Inter-system Measurement
Events
Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3x:
 3A: The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain
threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold;
 3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower than a certain threshold ;
 3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a certain threshold ;
 3D: The best cell in the other system changes


Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 Compressed Mode
Introduction of Soft Handover
 Soft Handover Features
 UE has several RLs with different cells----active set.
 The handover among different cells which are in same RLS is softer handover.
 Soft handover Combination:

 Selection combination in uplink
 Maximum combination in downlink
 Softer handover Combination:

 Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Introduction of Soft Handover
 Advantages
 Soft handover gain:

 Multi-Cell gain: Multiple unrelated radio links can reduces the required fading margin.
 Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover:
 Load balance:
 Different cells receive the signal from a UE in uplink, which can decrease the
transmission power of UE.
 Similarly, UE receive signal from different cells, which also can decrease the required
transmission power of base station.
 Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.
 Disadvantages
 More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE service.
Measurement of Soft
Handover
 The measurement of soft/softer handover
 Measurement value ： CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Pathloss
 Process of Measurement ： Layer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter
 Reporting way
 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
 Event type ： 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1F
 Reporting rules: Trigger condition, Relative threshold (or Absolute
threshold), Hysteresis, Time_to_Trigger
 Event reporting to periodic reporting
The Events of Soft Handover
Measurement
 Soft/softer handover measurement events
 Intra-frequency events reporting:

 1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.
If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;

 1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
 1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better
than the primary pilot channel in an active set;

 1D : The best cell changes;
 1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel

exceeds the absolute threshold
 1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is
lower than the absolute threshold
Decision Algorithm of Soft
Handover
 Soft/softer handover decision
 1A : Add RL into active set ；

 1B : Delete RL from active set ；
 1C : Replace cell ；
 1D : Change best cell
Key Parameters To Optimize
 Relative threshold
 Set 1A, 1B value separately
 1A < 1B ， which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid ping-
pong handover
 Usually 1A: 3dB;
 1B: 6dB
 Time to trigger
 Each event can be set separately
 Usually, 1B>1A ， which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid
ping-pong handover
 Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms
 Layer 3 filter coefficient

 Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement
 Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong handover
 Usually ： 3
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Characteristic of Intra-frequency Hard
Handover
 Characteristic
 UE has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
 Disconnect UE from the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
 The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
 Advantages
 Enhance the efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource
 Disadvantages
 High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference
 Application scenarios
 No Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface congested (only happened in inter-
RNC handover).
 Handover of BE services that exceeds threshold rate.
Key Parameters
 Handover decision threshold based on BE rate
 UE should do soft handover when the rate of BE service is less than the threshold.
 UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the rate of BE service is greater than the
threshold.
 The parameters about 1D event:
 Time to trigger ， Hysteresis

 The parameters should be set accord with the Qos
Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
 Characteristic
 The working frequency is different after handover
 The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver
 Advantages
 Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the success possibility is higher
 To balance the load among cells of different frequencies
 Disadvantages
 Compressed mode results in extra radio resource occupied
 The timing re-initiation hard handover increase the time of handover and the risk of call drop
 Disconnected coverage
 Handover based on load
Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement Values and Events
 Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values
 Measurement values:
 CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No
 Different handover purpose for different measurement type:

 At the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
 At the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

Measurement Values and Events of
 Measurement reporting
 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
 2A: The best frequency changes;
 2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold,
and that of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
 2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain
threshold;
 2D: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold
 2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower than a certain threshold
 2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a certain threshold
Compressed Mode Initiation in
 Conditions to initiate Compressed Mode (CM) measurement
 2D event
 Used to enable the compressed mode to perform inter-frequency
measurement.
 Conditions to stop measurement
 2F event
 Used to stop compressed mode. When used frequency quality exceeds
the threshold.
Decision Algorithm
The inter-frequency hard handover decision
 Coverage trigger handover

 2B event ：
 the quality of current serving cell is lower than absolute threshold, but
the quality in other cell is higher than another absolute threshold.
 Both cells are of different frequency
 Load triggers handover

 2C event ：
 the quality of another frequency is higher than an absolute threshold

Key Parameters (I)
 Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
 Inter-frequency measurement reporting:

 periodic reporting or event reporting
 Inter-frequency measurement values:

 CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger time and hysteresis
 Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold:
 Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and
CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.

 Inter-frequency handover based on coverage:
 the quality threshold of target cell
 Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover

 The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover
 WCDMA FDD < － >GSM
 WCDMA FDD < － >WCDMA TDD
 WCDMA FDD < － >CDMA2000
 Characteristic
 Different radio access technology is used after handover
 Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement
 Advantages
 For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
 For capacity, it can enhance the utilization efficiency of old equipments(2G->3G)
 Disadvantages
 The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for equipments
 Demands more complicated UE
Measurement for Inter-system ：
Compressed Mode Initiated
 The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
 Measurement type:
 GSM Carrier RSSI
 BSIC Identification
 BSIC Reconfirmation
 Measurement reporting
 Event reporting
 2D Event: initiate GSM measurement

 2F Event: stop GSM measurement
Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm
The inter-system hard handover decision
 Inter-system handover due to coverage issue

 Event reporting:
 3A event ：
 The estimated quality value of UTRAN frequency is lower than a
certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain
threshold
 Periodic reporting:
 Evaluation ： According to periodic report GSM RSSI measurement
value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of GSM system, and
UE evaluates GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the absolute
threshold, then consider the cell.
Key Parameters (I)
Parameters for Inter-system handover
 Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:

threshold
Considering different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS
domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured
 Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)

 CPICH Ec/No
 CPICH RSCP
 Configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain separately
 Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
 Trigger time delay, Hysteresis for each event

Purpose of Compressed mode
 Purpose ：
 Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under FDD mode
 Cause:
 Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the UE has to stop
working in current frequency if it is going to measure the signal from
another frequency cell. To ensure the downlink service unaffected, the
remained data should be sent in the limited time.
Compressed Mode
Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
Realization Methods of
Compressed mode
 CM Methods
 Reduce SF by half
 This double the data rate. But since amount of data not changed, it halves the time in which it
is sent, open up a gap.

 Advantage: easy to handle for RNC
 Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease the utilizing efficiency of OVSF
 Puncturing
 Decrease the coding redundancy
 Advantage: easy to handle for RNC;
 Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding; decreased the coding gain
 Higher layer scheduling

 Higher layer permit only some transport format to be used in CM, to generate gap.
Appropriate for variable-rate service.

 Complicated method
WCDMA Power Control
Principle
Chapter 1 Power Overview
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm

Purpose of power control
 Purpose of power control

 Uplink channel:
channel To overcome the near-far effect.
 Downlink channel : Overcome fast fading and the interferences of adjacent
cells.
 Power control must be used in CDMA system to ensure every user transmits at
minimum power, thus maximizing network capacity
Power control classification
 Power control classification ：
Open loop Power control
 Closed loop Power control
 Uplink inner power control
 Downlink inner-power control
 Uplink outer power control
 Downlink outer power control
 The purpose of inner loop power control in WCDMA system is to maintain a certain signal-to-
interference ratio of transmission signal power when the signals reach the receiving end.
 However, for different multi-path environments, even if the mean signal-to-interference ratio is kept
above a certain threshold, the communication quality requirement (BER) can not always be
Benefit of Power Control
 Benefit of power control
 Overcome uplink near-far problem

 Ensure good communication quality in uplink and downlink by adjust
transmission power
 Overcome the influences of unfavorable factors such as fast fading, slow
fading on radio channels
 Decrease network interference, increase the capacity and quality of network
 In other word, the purpose of power control is to ensure the QoS with
minimum power in the CDMA system.
Power control methods adopted for
various physical channels
 Power control methods adopted for various physical channels
 "X" – can be applied, "–" – not applied
Physical Open loop Inner loop Outer No power control process,

channel power power loop power is specified by upper
control control power layers.
Control
DPDCH － X X －
DPCCH X X X －
PCCPCH －－－ X
SCCPCH －－－ X
PRACH X －－－
AICH －－－ X
PICH －－－ X
Chapter 1 Power Overview

1.Open loop power control
2.Inner-loop power control
3.Outer loop power control

Open Loop Power Control
Overview
 Purpose
 UE estimates the power loss of signals on the propagation path by measuring
the downlink channel signals, then calculate the transmission
power of the uplink channel.
 Mainly used for initial connection setup.
 Under the FDD mode, fast fading of the uplink channel is unrelated to fast fading
of the downlink channel.
Open Loop Power Control
Overview
 Disadvantage of open loop power control
 This power control method is rather vague
 Application scenarios of open loop power control

 In the range of a cell, signal fading caused by fast fading is usually more
serious than that caused by propagation loss. Therefore, open loop power
control is applied only at the beginning of connection setup, generally in
setting the initial power value.
Open Loop Power Control of
PRACH
Random access procedure of PRACH :

- UE transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble
transmission power.
- Then ,UTARN response by sending AI if the preamble is received.
- Next, UE transmit the message part if the AI is received.
- But, if UE does not receive the AI from UTRAN in τp-p period, a next preamble will
be
transmitted.
Open Loop Power Control of
PRACH
 The initial value of PRACH power is set through open loop power control
Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power － CPICH_RSCP + UL
Interference + Constant Value
 Parameters
 PCPICH DL TX power, UL interference and Constant are given in system information.
 The value of CPICH_RSCP is measured by UE
 PCPICH DL TX power is very closed to the downlink coverage ability,
which is already given in cell setup.
 UL interference can be measured by NodeB, then it will be reported to RNC.
 Constant Value is the threshold of preamble message. This value has to be
analysed very carefully.
Open loop power control of
PRACH
Parameter Parameter meaning
NO.
1 Power Offset Pp-m The power offset of the last access preamble and
message control part. This value plus the access
preamble power is the power of the control part
2 Constant Value This parameter is the correction constant used for the UE
to estimate the initial transmission power of PRACH
according to the open loop power
3 PRACH Power Ramp This parameter is the ramp step of the preamble power
Step when the UE has not received the capture indication
from NodeB
4 Preamble Retrans This parameter is the permitted maximum preamble
Max repeat times of the UE within a preamble ramp cycle
PRACH
 Different Constant Values for different stage of WCDMA network
lifecycle. Take the beginning stage for example:
 Constant Value can be greater (-16dB or -15dB) so that the preamble

message can be received easier by UTRAN
 The power ramp step could be greater so that the possibility which the
preamble message can be received correctly will be higher
 With the development of network, the number of users increased

very fast. On this stage, the Constant value could be less 1dB.
DL DPCCH
 The DL DPCCH open loop power control can be calculated by the
following formula:
P = （ Ec/Io)Req - CPICH_Ec/Io + PCPICH
 Parameters
 (Ec/Io)req is the required Ec/Io, which should be satisfied for UE to be able to received the
message from dedicated channel correctly
 CPICH_Ec/Io is measured by UE, then it is given to UTRAN by RACH
 PCPICH is the transmission power of CPICH
 Comments
 Similar to UL, the (Ec/Io)Req value should be considered very carefully
 Because there is no power ramp in the initial DL DPCCH, the initial power should be satisfied
with the requirements. Therefore, this value can be greater than the one from simulation to

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Training Module for 3 G (WCDMA)

WCDMA Handover Principal

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

 The load balance: sharing the resource

 According to the properties of source cell and target cell

 According to the purpose of handover

 Compare to later one, the maximum ratio combination give more

 Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it does not consume a

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

Measurement Control, normal case

Measurement report, normal case

 Reporting methods of measurement

 The events of reporting

Mnew : measurement result of cell entering reporting range

 1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.

 1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;

 1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than

 1D : The best cell changes;

 1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds

 1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower

 2B : The quality of the current cell frequency is lower than a

 2C : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is higher

 2D : The estimated quality of the used frequency is lower than a

 2E : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is lower

 2F : The estimated quality of the used frequency is higher than

 3D: The best cell in the other system changes

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

 UE has several RLs with different cells----active set.

 Soft handover Combination:

 Softer handover Combination:

 Soft handover gain:

 Measurement value ： CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Pathloss

 Process of Measurement ： Layer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter

 Intra-frequency events reporting:

If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;

 1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better

than the primary pilot channel in an active set;

 1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel

 1A : Add RL into active set ；

 Layer 3 filter coefficient

 The parameters about 1D event:

 Time to trigger ， Hysteresis

 Different handover purpose for different measurement type:

 At the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

 2A: The best frequency changes;

 Conditions to stop measurement

 Coverage trigger handover

 Load triggers handover

 the quality of another frequency is higher than an absolute threshold

 Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:

 Inter-frequency measurement reporting:

 Inter-frequency measurement values:

CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.

 Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover

 2D Event: initiate GSM measurement

 Inter-system handover due to coverage issue

Parameters for Inter-system handover

 Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:

 Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)

 Configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain separately