Training Module for 3G Wireless Networks

Training Module for 3 G (WCDMA)
Day :1
WCDMA principle and overview.
WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer
Day :2
WCDMA Handover Principle
WCDMA Power Control Principle
WCDMA RF Optimization Basic
Day :3
Scrambling Code Planning
Integration Sheet Preparation for New Site
Processes to be followed for Planning & Optimization
3G Dimensioning
Day :4
Introduction to Tools & Macros used : Nemo Outdoor, Plan Editor
& KPI tool
Open house Questionnaire
WCDMA Handover Principal
and Analysis
Day 2
Why mobile systems need handover?

UE mobility
The mobile system is composed of
cells which the coverage ability is
limited.
Provide continuous service in
mobile system is the basic element
in QoS.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Handover

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element in QoS.

The load balance: sharing the resource
The Basic Concepts of
Handover
Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Event reporting to Periodic reporting
Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
maximum ratio combination
selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
Types of Handover
According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover

According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)

According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)

The Characters of Different
Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and
hard handover:
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in
active set after
handover

Several

One
Interruption during
handover
No Yes
The frequencies of cells Only possible in
Intra-frequency
cells
Occurs in Intra-frequency
cells or Inter-frequency cells
The Characters of Different
Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and
softer handover:
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB
by maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover they are
combined in RNC by selection combination.

Compare to later one, the maximum ratio combination give more gain.
So the performance of maximum ratio combination is better.

Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it does not consume a
lot of transport resource of Iub.
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 2 NodeB 1
Softer Handover
RNC
NodeB
Hard Handover
Three Steps of
Handover
Decision
Execute
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement control
Measurement execution and the result
processing
The measurement report
Mainly accomplished by UE

Decision
Based on Measurement
The application and distribution of
resource
Mainly accomplished by RRM in RNC

Execution
The process of signaling
Support the failure drawback
Measurement control refresh



Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 Basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE internal measurement
Measurement Control and
Measurement Report
Measurement Control
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Measurement Control and
Measurement Report
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement report, normal case
Measurement
report
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
measurement report
Section 2 Basic concepts of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
Basic Concepts of Measurement
Measurement values of Handover
Intra-frequency and inter-frequency:
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Path loss
Inter-frequency
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No
Inter-system
GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation

Reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting

The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events1A,1B,1C,1D,1E,1F
Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events 3A,3C
Others6G,6F
Reporting Criteria
Reporting Criteria
Decision formula: For example, 1A event :

1.Path Loss

2.Other measurement

Relative threshold, Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to Trigger

), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
1
a Best
N
i
i New
H R LogM W M Log W LogM
A
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
s

=
), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
1
a Best
N
i
i New
H R LogM W M Log W LogM
A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
>

=
Mnew : measurement result of cell entering reporting range
Mi : measurement result of cells in active set
NA : number of cells in active set
Mbest : measurement result of best cell in active set
W : weight factor
R : Reporting range
H1a : hysteresis value of 1A event
Key Parameters

measurement report
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
inter-system measurement events
Intra-frequency
Measurement Events
Intra-frequency measurement events are identified with 1x :

1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.
If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;

1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;

1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than
the primary pilot channel in an active set;

1D : The best cell changes;

1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds
the absolute threshold

1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower
than the absolute threshold
measurement report
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
inter-system measurement events
Inter-frequency Measurement
Events
Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2x:
2A : The best frequency changes

2B : The quality of the current cell frequency is lower than a
certain threshold, but that of the non-used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold

2C : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold

2D : The estimated quality of the used frequency is lower than a
certain threshold

2E : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is lower
than a certain threshold

2F : The estimated quality of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold
Inter-system Measurement
Events
Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3x:

3A: The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain
threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold;

3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower than a certain threshold ;

3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a certain threshold ;

3D: The best cell in the other system changes



Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 Compressed Mode
Introduction of Soft Handover
Soft Handover Features

UE has several RLs with different cells----active set.

The handover among different cells which are in same RLS is softer handover.

Soft handover Combination:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink

Softer handover Combination:
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Introduction of Soft Handover
Advantages

Soft handover gain:
Multi-Cell gain: Multiple unrelated radio links can reduces the required
fading margin.
Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link demodulation of the
soft handover:

Load balance:
Different cells receive the signal from a UE in uplink, which can decrease
the transmission power of UE.
Similarly, UE receive signal from different cells, which also can decrease
the required transmission power of base station.
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.

Disadvantages

More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE
service.

Measurement of Soft
Handover
The measurement of soft/softer handover

Measurement valueCPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Pathloss

Process of MeasurementLayer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter

Reporting way

Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1F
Reporting rules: Trigger condition, Relative threshold (or Absolute
threshold), Hysteresis, Time_to_Trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
The Events of Soft Handover
Measurement
Soft/softer handover measurement events

Intra-frequency events reporting:
1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.
If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better
than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D : The best cell changes;

1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel
exceeds the absolute threshold
1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is
lower than the absolute threshold
Decision Algorithm of Soft
Handover
Soft/softer handover decision

1A : Add RL into active set
1B : Delete RL from active set
1C : Replace cell
1D : Change best cell
Key Parameters To Optimize
Relative threshold
Set 1A, 1B value separately
1A < 1Bwhich makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid ping-
pong handover
Usually 1A: 3dB;
1B: 6dB

Time to trigger
Each event can be set separately
Usually, 1B>1Awhich makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid
ping-pong handover
Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms

Layer 3 filter coefficient
Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement
Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong handover
Usually3

Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Characteristic of Intra-frequency Hard
Handover
Characteristic
UE has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
Disconnect UE from the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same

Advantages
Enhance the efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource

Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference

Application scenarios
No Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface congested (only happened in inter-RNC
handover).
Handover of BE services that exceeds threshold rate.
Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE rate

UE should do soft handover when the rate of BE service is less than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the rate of BE service is greater than the
threshold.

The parameters about 1D event:

Time to trigger Hysteresis
The parameters should be set accord with the Qos
Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
Characteristic
The working frequency is different after handover
The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver

Advantages
Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the success possibility is higher
To balance the load among cells of different frequencies
Disadvantages
Compressed mode results in extra radio resource occupied
The timing re-initiation hard handover increase the time of handover and the risk of call drop

Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement Values and Events
Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values

Measurement values:
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No

Different handover purpose for different measurement type:
At the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
At the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No
Measurement Values and Events of
Measurement reporting
Periodic reporting
Event reporting

2A: The best frequency changes;

2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold,
and that of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold;

2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain
threshold;

2D: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold

2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower than a certain threshold

2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a certain threshold
Compressed Mode Initiation in
Conditions to initiate Compressed Mode (CM) measurement

2D event
Used to enable the compressed mode to perform inter-frequency
measurement.

Conditions to stop measurement

2F event
Used to stop compressed mode. When used frequency quality exceeds
the threshold.

Decision Algorithm
The inter-frequency hard handover decision

Coverage trigger handover
2B event
the quality of current serving cell is lower than absolute threshold, but
the quality in other cell is higher than another absolute threshold.
Both cells are of different frequency

Load triggers handover
2C event
the quality of another frequency is higher than an absolute threshold
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:

Inter-frequency measurement reporting:
periodic reporting or event reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values:
CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold:
Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and
CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage:
the quality threshold of target cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover
WCDMA FDD <>GSM
WCDMA FDD <>WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD <>CDMA2000

Characteristic
Different radio access technology is used after handover
Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement

Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilization efficiency of old equipments(2G->3G)

Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Measurement for Inter-system
Compressed Mode Initiated
The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation

Measurement reporting
Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm
The inter-system hard handover decision

Inter-system handover due to coverage issue
Event reporting:
3A event
The estimated quality value of UTRAN frequency is lower than a
certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain
threshold

Periodic reporting:
EvaluationAccording to periodic report GSM RSSI measurement
value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of GSM system, and
UE evaluates GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the absolute
threshold, then consider the cell.
Key Parameters (I)
Parameters for Inter-system handover

Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:
Considering different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS
domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured

Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP

Configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain separately

Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold

Trigger time delay, Hysteresis for each event
Purpose of Compressed mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under FDD mode

Cause:
Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the UE has to stop
working in current frequency if it is going to measure the signal from
another frequency cell. To ensure the downlink service unaffected, the
remained data should be sent in the limited time.

Compressed Mode
Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
Realization Methods of
Compressed mode
CM Methods

Reduce SF by half
This double the data rate. But since amount of data not changed, it halves the time in which it
is sent, open up a gap.
Advantage: easy to handle for RNC
Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease the utilizing efficiency of OVSF

Puncturing
Decrease the coding redundancy
Advantage: easy to handle for RNC;
Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding; decreased the coding gain

Higher layer scheduling
Higher layer permit only some transport format to be used in CM, to generate gap.
Appropriate for variable-rate service.
Complicated method
WCDMA Power Control
Principle
Chapter 1 Power Overview
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm
Purpose of power control
Purpose of power control
Uplink channel: To overcome the near-far effect.
Downlink channel : Overcome fast fading and the interferences of adjacent
cells.

Power control must be used in CDMA system to ensure every user transmits at
minimum power, thus maximizing network capacity

Power control classification
Power control classification
Open loop Power control
Closed loop Power control
Uplink inner power control
Downlink inner-power control
Uplink outer power control
Downlink outer power control

The purpose of inner loop power control in WCDMA system is to maintain a certain signal-to-
interference ratio of transmission signal power when the signals reach the receiving end.

However, for different multi-path environments, even if the mean signal-to-interference ratio is kept
above a certain threshold, the communication quality requirement (BER) can not always be satisfied .
Benefit of Power Control
Benefit of power control

Overcome uplink near-far problem
Ensure good communication quality in uplink and downlink by adjust
transmission power
Overcome the influences of unfavorable factors such as fast fading, slow fading
on radio channels
Decrease network interference, increase the capacity and quality of network
In other word, the purpose of power control is to ensure the QoS with
minimum power in the CDMA system.
Power control methods adopted for
various physical channels
Power control methods adopted for various physical channels
"X" can be applied, "" not applied
Physical
channel
Open loop
power
control
Inner loop
power
control
Outer
loop
power
Control
No power control process,
power is specified by upper
layers.
DPDCH X X
DPCCH X X X
PCCPCH X
SCCPCH X
PRACH X
AICH X
PICH X
Chapter 1 Power Overview
1.Open loop power control
2.Inner-loop power control
3.Outer loop power control
Open Loop Power Control
Overview
Purpose
UE estimates the power loss of signals on the propagation path by measuring
the downlink channel signals, then calculate the transmission
power of the uplink channel.
Mainly used for initial connection setup.

Under the FDD mode, fast fading of the uplink channel is unrelated to fast fading
of the downlink channel.
Open Loop Power Control
Overview
Disadvantage of open loop power control
This power control method is rather vague

Application scenarios of open loop power control
In the range of a cell, signal fading caused by fast fading is usually more
serious than that caused by propagation loss. Therefore, open loop power
control is applied only at the beginning of connection setup, generally in setting
the initial power value.
Open Loop Power Control of
PRACH
Random access procedure of PRACH :
- UE transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble
transmission power.
- Then ,UTARN response by sending AI if the preamble is received.
- Next, UE transmit the message part if the AI is received.
- But, if UE does not receive the AI from UTRAN in p-p period, a next preamble will
be
transmitted.
Open Loop Power Control of
PRACH
The initial value of PRACH power is set through open loop power control
Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power CPICH_RSCP + UL
Interference + Constant Value

Parameters
PCPICH DL TX power, UL interference and Constant are given in system information.
The value of CPICH_RSCP is measured by UE
PCPICH DL TX power is very closed to the downlink coverage ability,
which is already given in cell setup.
UL interference can be measured by NodeB, then it will be reported to RNC.
Constant Value is the threshold of preamble message. This value has to be
analysed very carefully.

Open loop power control of
PRACH
NO. Parameter Parameter meaning
1 Power Offset Pp-m The power offset of the last access preamble and
message control part. This value plus the access
preamble power is the power of the control part
2 Constant Value This parameter is the correction constant used for the UE
to estimate the initial transmission power of PRACH
according to the open loop power
3 PRACH Power Ramp
Step
This parameter is the ramp step of the preamble power
when the UE has not received the capture indication from
NodeB
4 Preamble Retrans
Max
This parameter is the permitted maximum preamble
repeat times of the UE within a preamble ramp cycle
PRACH
Different Constant Values for different stage of WCDMA network
lifecycle. Take the beginning stage for example:

Constant Value can be greater (-16dB or -15dB) so that the preamble
message can be received easier by UTRAN
The power ramp step could be greater so that the possibility which the
preamble message can be received correctly will be higher

With the development of network, the number of users increased
very fast. On this stage, the Constant value could be less 1dB.
DL DPCCH
The DL DPCCH open loop power control can be calculated by the
following formula:
P =Ec/Io)
Req
- CPICH_Ec/Io + PCPICH

Parameters
(Ec/Io)
req
is the required Ec/Io, which should be satisfied for UE to be able to received the
message from dedicated channel correctly
CPICH_Ec/Io is measured by UE, then it is given to UTRAN by RACH
PCPICH is the transmission power of CPICH
Comments
Similar to UL, the (Ec/Io)
Req
value should be considered very carefully
Because there is no power ramp in the initial DL DPCCH, the initial power should be satisfied
with the requirements. Therefore, this value can be greater than the one from simulation to
ensure the success ratio

Training Module for 3G Wireless Networks

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Training Module for 3 G (WCDMA)

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