Ch 10 AP Biology

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

http://ihasahotdog.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/cute-puppy-pictures-spotless-grass-puppies.jpg
 Genetics and Inheritance
• Heredity: transmission of
traits with variation
• Genes: segments of DNA, we
inherit some from each
parent
• Gametes: Reproductive cells
(plants and animals)
http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/genetics/alleles.gif

• Locus: location of gene along

a chromosome
 Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual • Sexual
– Single individual is parent all – 2 parents make offspring
genetic info. Passed to – Unique combo of genes
offspring
– No variation – Variation

Parent

Bud
 Karyotype: humans as an example
Diploid (2n) 46 chromosomes, Haploid (n) 23 chromosomes
 Autosomes
◦ 44 Chromosomes
◦ 22 pair = homologs
 Sex chromosomes
◦ 2 Chromosomes, only parts are
homologous
◦ 1 pair X and Y
 Females XX
 Males XY
 Somatic Cells (diploid 2n)
◦ 46 Chromosomes, 23 pair
 Gametes (haploid n)
◦ 23 Chromosomes, not paired
◦ Reproductive Cells Karyotype:
Stain DNA during mitosis
(condensed)
Used to diagnose disease
Human Life Cycle and Chromosomes

 Fertilization:
◦ Haploid Sperm + Haploid Egg
◦ Makes diploid Zygote
 Zygote undergoes Mitosis
and human matures
 Gametes
◦ Develop from germ cells in
gonads
 Ovaries and testes
 Sexual Life Cycles
• Alternation of Generations:
– Plants • Most fungi & some protists:
– Some Algae • Gametes fuse yields diploid
• Sporohpyte zygote
– Multicellular diploid
– Meiosis yields haploid spores
• Meiosis occurs w/out
• Spore
multicellular diploid offspring
– Haploid developing
– Divides mitotically yields gametophyte – Meiosis produces haploid cells
• Gametophyte (not gametes)
– Multicellular haploid – Haploid cells divide by mitosis
– Mitosis yields gametes and yield:
• Unicellular decendants or
• Gametes
• Haploid multicellular adult
– Haploid cell fusion yields next
– Mitotically divides and yeilds
sporophyte
gametes
Fig. 13-6

Sexual Life Cycles

Key
Haploid (n)
Haploid multi- Haploid unicellular or
Diploid (2n) multicellular organism
cellular organism
(gametophyte)
n Gametes n

n Mitosis n Mitosis Mitosis n Mitosis

n n
n n n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Spores n n
Gametes
Gametes n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Zygote MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

2n 2n
2n
2n
Diploid Zygote 2n
Diploid
multicellular Mitosis multicellular Mitosis
organism
organism Zygote
(sporophyte)

(a) Animals (b) Plants and some algae (c) Most fungi and some protists
 Meiosis pgs. 198-199

• Meiosis I:
– Separates Homologous
Chromosomes

• Meiosis II:
– Separates sister
Chromatids

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/images/stages2.gif
 Unique Components of Meiosis
• Synapsis:
– Replicated homologs pair up and are connected
• Crossing Over:
– Non-sister chromatids exchange pieces of DNA produces
recombinant chromosomes
• Prophase I: increases variation in a population
 Unique Components of Meiosis
• Metaphase I:
– Homologs line up on the metaphase plate TETRADS
 Unique Components of Meiosis
• Separation of Homologs: Anaphase I
– Sister chromatids stay together
– Replicated homologs move to opposite poles of
the cell
 Unique Components of Meiosis
• Telophase I and cytokinesis
– Haploid daughter cells form but with 2 sister chromatids per
chromosome
• Not necessarily genetically identical because of crossing over
Unique Components of Meiosis

• Prophase II –
Telophase II and
cytokinesis
– Sister chromatids line
up then separate to
form chromosomes
– 4 non identical
haploid cells are
produced
• variation
 Origins of Genetic Variation
• Independent Assortment
of Chromosomes
– Maternal and paternal
homolog move into
daughter cells of meiosis I
separately
• Crossing Over
– Homologs trade DNA
pieces in Prophase I
• Random Fertilization
– 223 possibilities or 8.4
million for each egg or
sperm, so 223 x 223 yields http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/EB910030-C936-17CB-
7FEDD0F3F1C79CC9_1.jpg

70 trillion possibilities
 Mitosis, Cell Cycle vs. Meiosis
Don’t forget the
summary!