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Pollution:
The addition of a substance by human activity to the
environment which can cause injury to human health
or damage to natural ecosystem
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Aims:
Pollution Monitoring
Evaluation:
• Investigate trends in pollution and identity future
problems
• Develop computer models which simulate
environmental process
• Inform the quality of environment
• etc
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Sampling: is process by which a sample is
obtained
Batch: taking a sample and analysis either on site or in lab, these sample are
collected specific time and place and also called grab sampel
Continues, continuously monitoring.
Composite: mixing several batch sampel, usually collected at the same place but
at different time
Representative samples. Important that the sample is representative of the whole
system to achieve.
Storage
Sometimes it is possible to carry out in situ analysis. Most often
the sample has to be transported some distance, need stored
and transported. Important to preserve the integrity of the
sample.
Risk: chemical, biological reaction and interaction with bottle
sample.
Once collection: store at refrigerator 4°C
Pyrex glass bottle for organic analysis and plastic bottle
(polyethilene or polypropylene) for inorganic samples.
Teflon (PTFE) is the most unreactive material but also most
expensive
Sample Treatment
Aims:
To convert the sample and analyte into a form
suitable for analysis by the chosen method
To eliminate interfering substances
To concentrate the sample
A variety of sample treatment methods depend on:
Type of sample
The analyte to be determined
The kind of analytical method to be used
Selectivity
Expected concentration of analyte in the sample
Number of samples to be analyzed
Analysis time
Cost of the analysis
Classified as specific, selective or universal.
Analysis Methods
• Blanko
Accuracy
(x
2
Standard deviation : i x)
s
n 1
RSD (relative standard deviation) :
RSD% ( s x) 100%
Bias and variance
Cu by AAS
10.4
A solution containing copper was
Cu in ppm
10.2
analysed 10 times using atomic 10
9.8
absorption spectroscopy. 9.6
The results obtained in ppm were: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10.08, 9.80, 10.10, 10.21, 10.14, Replicate sample
9.88, 10.02, 10.12, 10.11, 10.09
Bias = Mean value - true value
We can now calculate the precision
= 10.06 - 10.00
of the data as standard deviation
= 0.06 ppm
If the true value is known to be
10.00 ppm, we can also calculate Standard deviation (SD) = 0.12(4)
the bias
Relative SD = 100 X SD/10.00 = 1.2%
Conclusion - the method gives both good accuracy (low bias) and
acceptable precision (RSD of 1.2%)
Repeatability &
Reproducibility
Repeatability — is determined by analyzing replicate
samples on the same day under the same condition
(using the same instrument and operator, and
repeating during a short time period)
Reproducibility — is determined by analyzing
replicate samples under the condition may vary
(different instruments and operators, and over longer
time periods)
Reference Materials
Actual samples (e.g. river water, sediment, soil) which they can analysed
by government lab.
CRM (certifed reference materials) and can be purchased from
government. LGC in UK, BCR in USA.
The refernce material can be then be analysed and the determined coc
compared with that quoted on the certified accompanying the material to
get analytical error.
Concentration Unit
Problems of Environmental Analysis
Low concentration of analyte; below the detection limit of many
analytical methods.
Complex matrix, with numerous other compound (known and unknown)
present in the sample and the could lead to several other problem on this list.
Contamination, due to the low concentration of analyte.
No suitable method, for analyte may be e a new previously considered,
and the analyst may have to develop a satisfactory method.
Reaction of analyte, which could eiither increase or decrease its conc.
Speciation, since a substance (e.g. Heavy metal) may be pty of the present in
different forms, and toxicity of sbstance may depend on its form.