Communication

Htoo Kyaw Nyo & Ei Hnin Phyu Aung

Function of communication
1. Management
2. Feedback
3. Emotional Sharing
4. Persuasion
5. Information Exchange
Process of Communication
Direction of Communication
• Communication can flow vertically or laterally, through formal small-
group network or informal grapevine. Vertical dimension can
subdivided into downward and upward direction.

1. Downward Communication
2. Upward Communication
3. Lateral Communication
4. Formal Small-Group Networks
5. The Grapevine
1.Downward Communication
• From one level of group or organization to lower level
• To assign goals, provide job instructions, explain policies and procedures, point
out problems that need attention, and offer feedback
• Managers might think that sending a message once is enough to get through to
lower-level employees, but managerial communications must be repeated several
times and through a variety of different media to be truly effective
• downward communication is its one-way nature; managers inform employees but
rarely solicit their advice or opinions
• Automated performance reviews have allowed managers to review their
subordinates without discussions, which is efficient but misses critical
opportunities for growth, motivation, and relationship building
2.Upward Communication
• flows to a higher level in the group or organization
• used to provide feedback to higher-ups, inform them of progress toward goals, and
relay current problems
• Upward communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their
jobs, coworkers, and the organization in general
• To engage in effective upward communication, try to communicate in short
summaries rather than long explanations, support your summaries with actionable
items, and prepare an agenda to make sure you use your boss's attention well.
3.Lateral Communication
• When communication occurs between members of the same work group members
at the same level in separate work groups, or any other horizontally equivalent
workers
• Some lateral relationship are formally sanctioned. More often, they are informally
created short-circuit the vertical hierarchy and expedite action
• dysfunctional conflict can result when formal vertical channels are breached,
when members go above or around their supervisors, or when bosses find actions
have been taken or decisions made without their knowledge
4.Formal Small-Group
rigidly follows the formal chain of
command:
This network approximates the
communication channels you
might find in a rigid three-level
org- communication
relies on a central figure to act as
the conduit for all group
communication
it simulates the communication
network you might find on a team
with a strong leader
permits members to actively
communicate with each other;
it's most often characterized by
self-managed teams, in which
group members are free to
contribute and no single person
takes on a leadership role
5. The Grapevine
• The informal communication network in a group or organization is called the
grapevine
• Although rumors and gossip transmitted through the grapevine may be informal, it's
still an important source of information for employees and job applicants
• It also give managers a feel for the morale of their organization, identifies issues
employees consider important, and helps them tap into employee anxieties
• managers can study the gossip driven largely by employee social networks to learn
more about how positive and negative information is flowing through the organization
• the opportunities for managers to learn from the grapevine, some forms of gossip
provide prosocial motivation for employees to help each other achieve organizational
goals
Mode of Communication
• Oral Communication
 Meetings
 Videoconferencing and Conference Calling
 Telephone
• Written Communication
 Letters
 PowerPoint
 E-mail
 Instant Messaging
 Text Messaging
 Social Media Website
 Apps
 Blogs
Information richness of Communication Channels
Choosing communication Method
Persuasive Communication
• automatic processing - a relatively superficial consideration of evidence
and information making use of heuristics
 takes little time and low effort
 sense to use it for processing persuasive messages related to topics you don't care
much about
 disadvantage is that it lets us be fooled easily by a variety of tricks

• controlled processing - a detailed consideration of evidence and

information relying on facts, figures, and logic
 requires effort and energy
 it's harder to fool someone who has taken the time and effort to engage in it
Type of Processing an Audience will use

• Interest Level
• Prior Knowledge
• Personality
• Message Characteristics
• Choosing the Message
Barriers to Effective Communication

• Filtering
• Selective Perception
• Information Overload
• Emotions
• Language
• Silence
• Communication Apprehension
• Lying
Cultural Barrier
1. Barriers caused by semantics
2. Barriers caused by word connotations
3. Barriers caused by tone difference
4. Differences in tolerance for conflict and methods for resolving
conflits
Cultural Context
Cultural Guide
1. Know yourself
2. Foster a climate of mutual respect, fairness, and democracy
3. State facts, not your interpretation
4. Consider the other person’s viewpoint
5. Proactively maintain the identity of the group