Design on dynamic traffic light

control system via PLC

 Chapter 1
Introduction
Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many modern
cities around the world. Traffic congestion has been
causing many critical problems and challenges in the
major and most populated cities.
To travel to different places within the city is becoming
more difficult for the travelers in traffic. Due to these
congestion problems, people lose time, miss
opportunities, and get frustrated.
In our project we focus on optimization of traffic light
controller in a city using inductive loop sensor and
developed visual monitoring using PLC.
 Back ground of the project
• The world’s first traffic light came into being before
the automobile was in use, and traffic consisted only
of pedestrians, buggies, and wagons.
• The first traffic lights actually had their roots in the
railway signals used at the time, where two gas
lamps, one red and one green, would be alternately
hidden by a semaphore arm depending on whether the
arm was in a horizontal position or at a 30°angle.
 Statement of the problem
 Monitoring and control of traffic flow is becoming
the major problem with increasing the vehicles in
MEKELLE town.
 Any delays due to traffic congestions indirectly affect
productivity, efficiency, and energy losses.
 Sudden death of citizens in the town due to backward
controlling system of traffic flow.
 Objective
General Objectives of Project
The aim of this project is design a program for PLC that could minimize the
waiting time of the cars at intersections and to control traffic flow smoothly in
MEKELLE.
Besides that, it can prevent the emergency car stuck in the traffic jam at the
intersections as well. The program could change timing plans for two mode of
operation; normal mode and inductive loop detection mode.
objective of the project
• To understand the structure and operation of Logo PLC
• To study the ladder program and the programming technique
• To understand how to make the interfacing to the PLC
• To develop the flow chart for four way traffic light control
• To design a program for inductive loop detector based four way traffic light
control
 Limitation of the project
Traffic signals are sometimes considered problems at
intersections. In fact, traffic signals that are poorly located can
adversely affect the safety and efficiency of vehicle, bicycle and
pedestrian traffic. Improper or unjustified signals can result in
one or more of the following:
 Frustration especially in hot weather
 The inductive loop detector may detect metallic objects.
 Inductive loop detector is not used for the practical
implementation of this project.
 Increased congestion, air pollution, and fuel consumption.
 Scope of the project

At the end of this project we need to scope out these

 Construct a model of four way junction traffic light
model.
 Program a ladder logic diagram to control the traffic
light.
 Combine the software part and the hardware part to
implement a traffic light system.
 CHAPTER TWO
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

• The system hardware uses LOGO PLC to control the four way
traffic light. LOGO PLC is one of the Siemens families
manufactured by the Siemens Company. The LOGO used to
control the traffic light has four out puts and eight inputs with
24v dc power supply as shown
 General block diagram
• The general block diagrams of the four way traffic
light with inductive loop detector have the
components of power supply to the PLC, four
inductive loop detectors, the LOGO PLC and the
twelve colored lamps.
Hardware components of PLC
 INDUCTIVE-LOOP DETECTORS
There are different types of sensors which are applicable in
traffic controlling system.
Some of them are IR, ultrasonic, magnetic ,image processing
sensor, inductive loop detector sensor etc. but all these
sensors have their own limitation. When we select sensor we
consider :
• Cost of the sensor
• Availability
• Durability
• Efficiency
• Maintenance and so on
LOOP DETECTOR INSTALLATION

Pavement designs and installations are critical in the service life of the loop
detector unit. The three major types of pavement used to construct today’s
roadways are gravel, asphalt, and/or concrete.
 Operation of inductive loop detector
The placement of the loop detector within the lane of travel and the control
setting of the amplifier can determine the response time of the traffic signal
timing module. The loop detector only senses the presence of a vehicle, and
this information is transmitted to the amplifier to determine the Green interval
timing for that particular phase.

The black arrows represent the current flow in

the loop wire and the white arrows the induce
flux.
• A Display
It is the basic traffic signal display which the vehicle driver or the commuter
can see. It can be a conventional incandescent discharge lamps or an
arrangement of LED.

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

Four common anode 7-segment displays are used in this 4-way traffic light
control system.
• Circuit diagram
In order to display the simulation of the traffic light control
system, each traffic light lane has a set of traffic light signals
Red, Yellow, and green.
It changes from red to yellow and yellow to green and then after
that back to red signal.
Traffic light model
 CHAPTER THREE
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
• Software implementation of LOGO PLC is carried out through LOGO soft
Comfort, which is sensationally easy and quick .This, allows the creation
of ladder and function block diagrams by selecting the respective functions
and their connection via drag and drop.
In addition, the entire switching program can be simulated and tested
offline on the PC.
 The main components of LOGO PLC simulator for traffic light are :-
• Contactor
• On delay
• Off delay
• Digital out puts
• Startup flag
• Shift registers
• Latch circuit:- is convenient for keeping the status of an execution
condition even if the condition is subsequently removed.
• Program development
Prior to the construction of a ladder logic diagram, program
flowchart is ideal for process that has sequential steps. The steps
will be executed in a simple order that may change as the result
of some simple decisions. The block symbol is connected using
arrow to indicate the sequence of the steps and different types of
program actions.
• Flow chart for system development using PLC
This project has two flow charts. These are software
implemented flow chart and the output (light signal) flow chart.
The software implemented flow chart describes how to program
the system and how to load to the logo hardware.
The output flow chart describes the lighting sequence of the
system and the sensors.
flow chart of the output signal sequence
• work space and software content of logo soft comfort
• We can use two types of programming techniques in Logo
comfort programming either Ladder program or Functional
Block Diagram (FBD).
 Ladder diagram-is a graphic-based programming language
developed from the circuit diagram. The diagram of a ladder
program is therefore similar to the diagram of a circuit diagram
• The functional block diagram:- develops using the digital
logics. The FBD programming does not have any vertical link
connection. It is easy to understand for those who have the
concept of digital electronics. We can drag the components
from the left side of the working area of the logo PLC.
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
• The result of this project is on off light signals. The outputs of the
simulation and the hardware implemented system are digital as shown in
the table below.
 Discussion
 This project has an inductive loop detector for controlling the
traffic density but it is too difficult to find the inductive loop
detector in our country due to availability and financial
problem to import. But we decide to replace by normally
open push button and to control the system by the logo PLC.
 The detector controller produces a switching signal to the
PLC but it is not sufficient to switch. To regulate sufficient
signal we decide to design boost converter with 5v dc and
24v dc.
 The time delay of the traffic light depends on the area
selected to implement. This project is implemented with time
delays 40 seconds for the green and red light signals and also
15 seconds for the yellow light signal. The delay is selected
by studying the traffic flow of MEKELLE city.
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• CONCLUSION
The PLC based traffic light control system had successfully been designed and
simulated. Since the system is applicable to MEKELLE town.it is the best
solution to control traffic flow of the town and to minimize the human
resource usage. The system works automatically. Therefore using automatic
control system helps to operate the system at any time with out any manual
aid.
• RECOMMENDATION
Four ways Traffic Light has been successfully tested with the simulation and
implemented with hardware. It is therefore recommended that:-
 The efficiency of the system should be tested regarding on actual road
traffic light with real logo hardware. This is to guarantee the performance
of the system is as expected and if there is any trouble encountered, some
modification on the program and hardware could be made earlier to the
real implementation.
 The system should connect with local area network to integrate with
several traffic lights at different location and it is also more
advanced if uses image processing sensor.
 The system also should consider the emergency vehicles.
 For practical implementation of this project using the inductive loop
detector makes the traffic flow smoothly controlled and the control
system becomes advanced.
Therefore, it is recommended that in the future design should consider
the above limitations to make more advanced traffic control system.
 Reference
1. Traffic Detector Handbook: Third Edition—Volume I
2. National Workshop on Intelligent Transportation System, Pune June 26, 2010
3. Three Dimensional Mapping of Inductive Loop Detector Sensitivity Using
Field Measurement TRB Paper 09-0018 by Christopher M. Day, Thomas M.
Brennan, Matthew L. Harding
4. Successfully Tripping Loop Detectors By Franke Santos
5. Automatic manufacturing systems with PLCS(Version 4.7, April 142005) by
Hugh Jack
6. Programmable logic controllers fourth edition by W. Bolton
7. A model of traffic light system by the application of PLC BY ZARIZAL BIN
EDDY
8. Real-time traffic counting and monitoring system Harish Pillai, Dept. of
Electrical Eng., IIT Bombay
9. Programmable Logic Controllers: Programming Methods and Applications
by Frederick D. Hackworth
  
The ladder program of the system