Engineering Ethics

(HSS-424)
Dr. Imtiaz Alam
Bahria University, Islambad
 About this Course

• 2 credit hours
• No pre-requsite
• Engineering ethics course is not about preaching virtue
rather, its objective is to increase student’s ability as
engineers to responsibly confront moral issues raised by
technological activity.
• The concepts, theory and practice of engineering ethics.
• Application of classical moral theory
• Decision making to engineering applications encountered
in academic and professional careers.
• Issues of global borders and dilemmas such as cultural
boundaries and mores, crisis management, team dynamics
etc.
 About this course

• Help to recognize and evaluate ethical

challenges that you may/will face in your
academic and professional careers.
• Help you through knowledge and exercises
to deeply challenge your decision-making
processes and ethics.
Books/Resources
1. Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, Hariis Jr C.E., Pritchard
M.S. and M.J. Rabins, Wadsworth Publishing
2. Ethics in Engineering, Martin M.W. and R. Schinzinger, McGraw Hill
3. Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research, Whitbeck C., Cambridge
University Press
4. Social, Ethical, and Policy Implications of Engineering - Joseph R.
Herkert
5. Hold Paramount: the engineer's responsibility to society - Alastair S.
Gunn and P. Aarne Vesilind.
6. Thinking Like an Engineer - Michael Davis
7. Introduction to Engineering Ethics - Roland Schinzinger and Mike W.
Martin 2nd ed.
8. Fundamental of Ethics – For Scientists and Engineers by Edmund G.
Seebauer, Robert L. Barry.
 Introduction

• Ethical issues come up very often for

engineers.
• They often have serious consequences.
• They are resolved by practical reasoning.
• Every ethical problem involves a relation of
means to goals.
• Ethical problems become particularly
prominent when they involve a conflict of
goals.
Basic goals (or virtues) that often
come into conflict for engineers:
• A goal to maintain professional competence.
• A goal to be loyal to interests of employers and clients.
• A goal to be honest to employers, customers and the
public.
• A goal to be non-discriminatory to co-workers and clients
regarding their race, color, religion, gender, ethnicity, age
or disability.
• A goal to use your skills and knowledge for the
enhancement of human welfare and the environment.
 So let’s consider a case.

To pay for your education, you need to find summer work.

You find a high-paying job as a

forklift operator. It helps you to
avoid taking out student loans.
You find yourself staring at a
50-gallon drum filled with used
machine coolant, wondering
what to do.
 You know the coolant is toxic.

 Your supervisor, Max, at Natural

Disposal, Inc., tells you to “Dump
half of the coolant down the drain.

Then dilute the rest with tap water

and pour it out.”

“Dump
half of the coolant down the
drain.

Then dilute the rest with tap

water
and pour it out.”
You tell, Max, “The coolant is toxic.
It might cause heath problems to
people who live around here, even
birth defects and cancers.”

Max says, “The toxic stuff sinks to

the bottom of the drum. We’ve
been doing this for years and
nothing’s happened.”
You tell Max, “You mean no
one said anything about it.”

Max says, “You’re aren’t

one of those
environmentalists, are you?
It’s time to get real and get
on with the job!”1
 Conflicting Goals
5
4

Loyalty to Max Your professional

competence.

Loyalty to Max Your duty to not pollute the

environment.

Max’s professional Max’s honesty to a client.

competence

Your professional competence Max’s professional

competence.

Your duty not to discriminate Your professional competence.

Back to the Forklift Case.

What do you do?

 Do what Max says?

or 2

 Walk off the job site?

You could say to yourself:

“I’ll go along with this jerk

for now. I’m out of here in a
month anyway, then I’m
back to my univ.”
Or maybe you think to yourself:

“Max is just the sort of $#^&*%$

who’s wrecking the environment.

I’m out of here NOW.

AND, I’m going to think about
reporting Max to the
Environmental Protection
Agency.”
 Definition of ‘Dilemma’:
“a choice between two
equally unfavorable or
disagreeable alternatives”.

OR

Not a pleasant choice

Although sometimes we are up against
a wall facing a choice between two
undesirable alternatives and must
choose one of them, we usually can
find a better solution.

Finding the better solution requires,

we become skilled in ethical problem-
solving.

This skill consists in arriving at a third

alternative that answers both sides of
the dilemma and resolves the conflict.
In ethical problem solving, we consider paradigm cases that
would ideally satisfy either side of the goals that bear upon
the case.

Next we analyze the features of the paradigm

case.
Then, by thinking analogically about the features of
the paradigm case, we see if we can develop one
that will answer both conflicting goals.

Instead of A or B, find C that combines

important features of A and B

20
21
We have assumed that ethics is about finding
creative solutions to conflicts between
professional goals.

But how can we decide and which goals are

worth pursuing, whether professional or
personal?

22
What is Ethics?
Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have
a right to do and what is right to do.

-Potter Stewart 
Associate Justice of the United
States Supreme Court, serving
from 1958 to 1981
 Importance of Ethics?

"If you are planning for a year, sow rice;

if you are planning for a decade, plant trees;
if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people." - Chinese proverb

24
What is Engineering Ethics?

 Engineering ethics consists of the

responsibilities and rights that ought to be
endorsed by those engaged in engineering,
and also of desirable ideals and personal
commitments in engineering.
 Engineeringethics is the study of the
decisions, policies, and values that are
morally desirable in engineering practice
and research.
 Three Types of Ethics or
Morality
 Common morality is the set of moral beliefs shared by
almost everyone. When we think of ethics or morality, we
usually think of such precepts as that it is wrong to
murder, lie, cheat or steal, break promises, harm others
physically, and so forth.
 Personal ethics or personal morality is the set of moral
beliefs that a person holds. For most of us, our personal
moral beliefs closely parallel the precepts of common
morality. We believe that murder, lying, cheating, and
stealing are wrong. However, our personal moral beliefs
may differ from common morality in some areas,
especially where common morality seems to be unclear or
in a state of change.
 Professional Ethics
 Professional Ethics
 Professional ethics is the set of standards adopted by
professionals insofar as they view themselves acting as
professionals. Every profession has its professional ethics:
medicine, law, architecture, pharmacy, and so forth.
Engineering ethics is that set of ethical standards that
applies to the profession of engineering. There are several
important characteristics of professional ethics.
 First, professional ethics is usually stated in a formal code.
In fact, there are usually several such codes, promulgated
by various components of the profession. Professional
societies usually have codes of ethics, referred to as ‘‘code
of professional responsibility,’’ ‘‘code of professional
conduct,’’. The American Medical Association has a code of
ethics, as does the American Bar Association. Many
engineering societies have a code of ethics, such as the
American Society of Civil Engineers or the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers.
 Professional Ethics
 The various codes of ethics do differ in some
important ways. In engineering, for example, some
of the codes have begun to make reference to the
environment, whereas others still do not.
 Second, the professional codes of ethics of a given
profession focus on the issues that are important in
that profession. Professional codes in the legal
profession concern themselves with such questions
as perjury of clients and the unauthorized practice
of law. Perjury is not an issue that is relevant to
medicine or dentistry. In engineering, the code of
the Association for Computing Machinery sets out
regulations for privacy, intellectual property, and
copyrights and patents.
Professional Ethics
 Third, when one is in a professional relationship, professional
ethics is supposed to take precedence over personal morality—
at least ordinarily. This characteristic of professional ethics has
an important advantage, but it can also produce complications.
 The advantage is that a patient or client can justifiably have
certain expectations of a professional, even if the patient or
client has no knowledge of the personal morality of the
professional. When a patient enters a physician’s examining
room, she can expect the conversations there to be kept
confidential, even if she does not know anything about the
personal morality of the physician.
 When a client or employer reveals details of a business
relationship to an engineer, he can expect the engineer to keep
these details confidential, even though he knows nothing about
the personal morality of the engineer. In both cases, these
expectations are based on knowledge of the professional ethics
of medicine and engineering, not on knowledge of the
professional’s personal morality.
Professional Ethics
 Suppose a client asks a civil engineer to
design a project that the engineer, who has
strong personal environmental
commitments, believes imposes
unacceptable damage to a wetland.
Suppose this damage is not sufficient to be
clearly covered by his engineering code. In
this case, the engineer probably should
refer the client or employer to another
engineer who might do the work.
Professional Ethics & Personal Morality
 Fourth, professional ethics sometimes differs from personal
morality in its degree of restriction of personal conduct.
Sometimes professional ethics is more restrictive than personal
morality, and sometimes it is less restrictive. Suppose engineer
Jane refuses to design military hardware because she believes
war is immoral. Engineering codes do not prohibit engineers
from designing military hardware, so this refusal is based on
personal ethics and not on professional ethics. Here, Jane’s
personal ethics is more restrictive than her professional ethics.
 On the other hand, suppose civil engineer Mary refuses to
participate in the design of a project that she believes will be
contrary to the principles of sustainable development, which
are set out in the code of the American Society of Civil
Engineers. She may not personally believe these guidelines are
correct, but she might (correctly) believe she is obligated to
follow them in her professional work because they are stated in
her code of ethics. Here, Mary’s professional ethics is more
restrictive than her personal ethics.
Professional Ethics … negative
and positive dimension
 Fifth, professional ethics, like ethics generally, has a
negative and a positive dimension. Being ethical has
two aspects: preventing and avoiding evil and doing or
promoting good. Let us call these two dimensions the
two ‘‘faces’’ of ethics: the negative face and the
positive face. On the one hand, we should not lie,
cheat, or steal, and in certain circumstances we may
have an obligation to see that others do not do so as
well. On the other hand, we have some general
obligation to promote human well-being. This general
obligation to avoid evil and do good is intensified and
made more specific when people occupy special roles
and have special relationships with others.
Role Morality in Professional
Ethics ..
 Role morality is the name given to moral
obligations based on special roles and
relationships. One example of role morality is
the set of special obligations of parents to
their children. Parents have an obligation not
only not to harm their children but also to
care for them and promote their flourishing.
Another example of role morality is the
obligation of political leaders to promote the
well-being of citizens.
Role Morality
 Professional ethics is another example of role
morality. Professionals have both an obligation not
to harm their clients, patients, and employers, and
an obligation to contribute to their well-being. The
negative aspect of professional ethics is oriented
toward the prevention of professional malpractice
and harm to the public. Let us call this dimension
of professional ethics preventive ethics because of
its focus on preventing professional misconduct
and harm to the public. Professionals also have an
obligation to use their knowledge and expertise to
promote the public good. Let us call this more
positive dimension of professional ethics
aspirational ethics because it encourages
aspirations or ideals in professionals to promote
the welfare of the public.
Aspirational vs Professional
Ethics
 The aspirational component has generally
received less emphasis in professional
ethics than the preventive component.
This is true in engineering ethics as well,
so it should not be surprising that the
aspirational component of professional
ethics has received less emphasis in this
course.
The negative face of engineering
ethics : Preventive Ethics

 During the past few decades, professional ethics

for engineers has, as we have said, focused on
its negative face, or what we have called
preventive ethics. Preventive ethics is
commonly formulated in rules, and these rules
are usually stated in codes of ethics. A look at
engineering codes of ethics will show not only
that they are primarily sets of rules but also
that these rules are for the most part negative
in character. The rules are often in the form of
prohibitions, or statements that probably should
be understood primarily as prohibitions.
Preventive Ethics
 80 percent of the code of the National Society of
Professional Engineers (NSPE) consists of provisions
that are, either explicitly or implicitly, negative and
prohibitive in character. Many of the provisions are
explicitly negative in that they use terms such as
‘‘not’’ or ‘‘only.’’ For example, section 1,c under
‘‘Rules of Practice’’ states that ‘‘engineers shall not
reveal facts, data, or information without the prior
consent of the client or employer except as
authorized by law or this Code.’’
 Section 1,b under ‘‘Rules of Practice’’ states that
‘‘engineers shall approve only those engineering
documents that are in conformity with applicable
standards.’’ This is another way of saying that
engineers shall not approve engineering documents
that are not in conformity with applicable standards.
Preventive Ethics
 Many provisions that are not stated in a
negative form nevertheless have an
essentially negative force. The rule having to
do with undisclosed conflicts of interest is
stated in the following way: ‘‘Engineers shall
disclose all known or potential conflicts of
interest that could influence or appear to
influence their judgment or the quality of
their services.’’ This could also be stated as
follows: ‘‘Engineers shall not engage in known
or potential undisclosed conflicts of interest
that could influence or appear to influence
their judgment or the quality of their
services.’’
Preventive Ethics
 Many other provisions of the code, such as the
requirement that engineers notify the
appropriate professional bodies or public
authorities of code violations (II,1,f) are
‘‘policing’’ provisions and thus essentially
negative in character. Even the requirement
that engineers be ‘‘objective and truthful’’
(II,3,a) is another way of stating that
engineers shall not be biased and deceitful in
their professional judgments. Similarly, the
provision that engineers continue their
professional development (III,9,e) is another
way of stating that engineers shall not
neglect their professional development.
 The Bay Area Rapid Transit
(BART) Case
 BART went into service in 1972. Holger Hjortsvang, a systems
engineer, and Max Blankenzee, a programmer analyst, became
concerned that there was no systems engineering group to oversee
the development of the control and propulsion systems. When
they communicated these concerns to management, both orally
and in writing, they were told not to make trouble. At
approximately the same time, an electrical engineer, Robert
Bruder, reported inadequate work on the installation and testing
of control and communications equipment. In November of 1971,
the three engineers presented their concerns in a confidential way
to Daniel Helix, a member of the BART board of directors. When
BART managers identified the three engineers, they were fired.
On October 2, 1972, 3 weeks after BART began carrying
passengers, one of the BART trains crashed at the Fremont station
due to a short circuit in a transistor. Fortunately, there were no
deaths and only a few injuries. The three engineers finally won
out-of-court settlements, although their careers were disrupted
for almost 2 years. The case generated legal precedents that have
been used in subsequent cases, and it had a major impact on the
development of engineering ethics.
 The DC-10 Case
 The DC-10, a wide-bodied aircraft, was introduced into
commercial service in 1972, during a time of intense
competition in the aviation industry in the United States.
Since the cargo area is pressurized as well as the cabin, it
must be able to withstand pressures up to 38 pounds per
square inch. During the first year of service, a rear cargo door
that was improperly closed blew open over Windsor, Ontario.
Luckily, a skilled pilot was able to land the plane successfully.
Two weeks after the accident, Convair engineer Dan
Applegate expressed doubts about the ‘‘BandAid’’ fixes
proposed for the cargo door lock and latch system. Managers
rejected his expression of concerns because they believed
Convair would have to pay for any fixes they proposed, so the
prime contractor, McDonnell Douglas, was not notified of
Applegate’s concerns. On March 3, 1974, soon after takeoff on
a flight from Paris to London, the cargo door of a plane broke
off, resulting in a crash that killed 346 passengers. At that
time, it was the worst aircraft accident in history
Adherence to the highest
principles of ethical conduct
 As professionals, engineers are expected to commit
themselves to high standards of conduct. The preamble of
the code of ethics of the National Society for Professional
Engineers (NSPE) states the following:
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As
members of this profession, engineers are expected to
exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality
of life for all people. Accordingly, the services
provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality,
fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the
protection of the public health, safety, and welfare.
Engineers must perform under a standard of
professional behavior that requires adherence to the
highest principles of ethical conduct.