NUCLEAR & PARTICLE

PHYSICS-I
Lecture-1
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI
Syllabus
Cont……..
What is size of nucleus & how it discover?
What is Nucleus?
As size of an atom of
the order of 10-10 m(Ao)
& Size of nucleus of the
order of 10-15m (fm)
Nucleus is highly dense

part of an atom whose

constituents are protons
and neutrons that are
known as nucleons.
 Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

How neutrons and protons bound inside the nucleus?

Ans. The forces which hold it together are called
nuclear forces
What are the properties of Nuclear Forces?

 Strong Forces
 Attractive Nature
 Short Range
 Charge Independent
 Charge Symmetric
 Spin Dependent
 Saturation Property
 Tensor Nature
 Non Central
Strong Forces (Evidences)
 As the energy required to remove an electron from
an atom is in ev (I.E), But energy required to
remove nucleons from nucleus is in Mev
 Hence Nucleons bound very strongly which
confirm the strongest nature of Nuclear Forces.
 Their magnitude 1038 times more than gravitational
forces and 100 time more than electrostatic forces.
Attractive Nature(Evidences)
 As all the nucleons inside the nucleus
hence n-n , p-p , n-p forces also here.
 ??? As proton-proton repel each other

due to same charge but are inside the

nucleus it means they are in bound
state hence it confirm the attractive
nature of nuclear forces.
Short Range (Evidences)
 Nuclear forces are very short
range forces i.e the operate
on a very small distance,
outside the nucleus they
diminished very rapidly.
From the graph it is clear that
when distance between the
nucleon is 0.5 fm nucleons
repel each other. So nuclear
forces are attractive but also
have repulsive component at
substantially shorter distance.
Charge Independence & Charge
Symmetry( Evidences)

 Experimentally from the study of mirror nuclides,

we find the nuclear forces between n-n, n-p, p-p is
same hence it confirms the charge independence
nature of nuclear forces
 It is an attractive force with………. repulsive core.
The nucleon-nucleon force is the same irrespective
of whether the nucleons are protons or neutrons
which confirm the charge symmetry nature.
Spin Dependent(Evidences)
 The nuclear force of attraction between two
nucleons having parallel spin is stronger than the
force between two nucleons having anti- parallel
spin. Example: Nuclear force is strongest in triplet
state than in singlet state which confirms the spin
dependent nature of nuclear forces.
Saturation Property ( Evidences)
 This property has been
deduced from the fact
that binding energy per
nucleon becomes
almost constant (A>40)
and does not grow with
the growth of nuclear
dimension which
confirms the nuclear
forces saturates.
Tensor Nature(Evidences)
 The nuclear forces
having tensor nature
which confirms from
interaction between
the nuclear spins and
angular momentum of
nucleons leading to
the deformation from Tensor is the generalization of vector,
represented by an array of component that
a simple spherical are the functions of coordinates of space.
shape.
Non-Central Nature( Evidences)
 Nuclear forces depends on an angle which confirms
the non-central nature as non-central forces means
that they make an angle with the line joining the
interacting particles.
NEXT LECTURE: Quantitative facts about
Nuclear size, mass & density

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