Blood Clot Mechanism

Human Heart
Human Heart
 Parts of human Heart
• The human heart has four chambers.
• There are two chambers on each
Side of the heart.
• Each chamber is separated by a
valve: Bicuspid and Tricuspid Valve.
After passing through the capillaries of the lungs, the blood which is
now oxygenated returns to the heart in the pulmonary veins.
The left atrium receives blood from the
pulmonary vein.
Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve into
the aorta. Blood travels to all regions of the body where it feeds cells with oxygen
picked up from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract.
Deoxygenated blood returns from the rest of the body
through the superior and inferior vena cava.
The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood.
 Cardiac cycle

• Ventricular Systole= Lub

• Ventricular Diastole= Dub
 Junctional Tissue

• 1. SAN
• 2. AVN
• Bundle of His: Specialized cardiac muscle
• Purkinji fibers
 Sinoatrial node (SAN)

• Node is found on the upper inside wall of the right Atrium.

• It is known as the pacemaker of the heart and initiates a heart beat.
• This signal travels across the Atria causing them to contract and load
the Ventricles with blood.
 Blood Pressure

• Lateral pressure of wall of Artery.

• Systolic: contraction of heart
100- 140: Average: 120
• Diastolic: Relaxation of heart
65-90: Average:80
 Coronary Heart Disease
•Cause by narrowing of coronary artery.
•Heart suffer from shortage of oxygen
and nutrient: Ischemia.
•It leads to:
•1. Chest pain
•2. Heart Attack
•3. Heart Failure
 Chest Pain
•Atherosclerosis: Narrowing wall of artery
•Atheroma: Deposit fat
•Thrombus: Blood clot
•Acute chest Pain: Angina
 2. Heart Attack
•Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack.
- Interruption blood supply to the heart
- Heart cell die.
Causes of Heart Attack
•Blockage of coronary artery
•Rupture of Atherosclerotic plaque
•Restriction of blood supply and shortage of
oxygen supply.
•Damage of heart muscle/tissue
Heart Attack
 Predisposing Factor
1. Physical exersion
2. Psychological stress
3. Acute severe infection such as
pneumonia
 Symptoms of heart attack
•1. Sudden retrosternal chest pain.
 Symptoms of heart attack
2. Shortness of breath
 Symptoms of heart attack
3. Nausea, vomiting, palpitations
4. Sweating, anxiety
5. Loss of consciousness
6. Sudden death
 Heart Failure
• Heart is unable to provide sufficient pump.
 Risk Factor of coronary heart Disease
•1. Age: Older
•2. Sex: Men are greater risk.
•3. Family History
•4. Smoking:
- Nicotine constricts blood vessels.
- Carbon monoxide damage inner lining.
 Risk Factor of coronary heart
Disease( Cont.)
• 5. High Blood Pressure:
- Thickening and hardening of arteries
•6. High blood cholesterol level:
- LDL: Bad cholesterol
- HDL: Good cholesterol
•7. Diabetes
•8. Obesity
•9. Physical Inactivity: Lac of Exercise

•
 Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
•Lifestyle change can help to prevent disease:
•1. Stop Smoking
•2. Control blood pressure
•3. Check and control cholesterol
•4. control diabetes
•5. Regular Physical Exercise: 30-60 minutes.
•6. Healthy Foods
•7. Avoid Obesity
•8. Manage Stress
 Artificial Pace maker
•Small battery operated medical device.
•Uses electrical impulses to contract heart
muscle
•Regulate the beating of the heart.
Need of Artificial Pace Maker:
•a. When natural pace maker is too slow,
•b. Heart beat becomes lower,
•c. Block in the Heart’s electrical conduction
system,
•d. Heartbeat becomes irregular.
Pace Maker
 Pace Maker Insertion
•Inserted under the skin.
•Local anesthesia.
•Placed below the collar bone.
 Complication of Pace Maker
•Pace Maker mediated Tachycardia(Excess
Heart Beat).
•Interfere its activity
•Need to be replaced.
 Mode of Action of Pace maker
- It sends electrical impulses to the heart to pump
it properly.
- An electrode/wire is placed near the heart
- Through this electrical changes travel to heart
from pace maker.
 Open Heart Surgery
- Open heart surgery is a complex operation.
- Affected part of the heart is changed
- Open means chest is cut open.
Any surgery where the chest is open.
- Surgery is done on :
1. Heart muscle
2. Valves
3. Arteries
4. Other parts of heart: Aorta
Open Heart Surgery
 Open Heart Surgery
• A heart-lung machine/a special medial device use
during surgery.
• It supplies oxygen riche blood to brain and other
organs while heart is stopped and surgeon is
working on heart.
• Common Example of Open heart surgery:
1. Coronary artery bypass surgery
2. Valve replacement surgery
3. Corrective surgery for congenital heart disease
4. Some operations of great vessels of heart.
 Coronary By-pass
•Surgical procedure.
•Relieve angina.
•Reduce risk of death from coronary artery
disease.
•Arteries or vein from leg or arm.
•Grafted to coronary arteries to bypass the
narrow segment coronary artery.
•Improve blood supply to the myocardium.
Coronary By-pass
 Indication of coronary By-pas
•When the left main coronary artery
blocked or narrowed,
•Disease involves all three coronary
vessels
•Patient have Artery blockage
•Angioplasty treatment was not
successful
Coronary By-pass
 Risks of Surgery
•Bleeding
•Heart rhythm irregularities
•Infection of chest around
•Stroke
•Kidney Failure
•Heart attack
 Result after surgery
• After operation patient feel better in most cases.
• May remain symptom free 10-15 years.
• Disease may recur over time.
After surgery following matter consider:
1.Stop smoking
2.Control diabetes
3.Reduce blood cholesterol level
4.Control weight
5.Control blood pressure
6.Take Physical exercise
 Angioplasty
•By this technique mechanically widening
narrowed or obstructed artery due to
atherosclerosis.
 Process of Angioplasty
•An empty and collapsed balloon, known as
balloon catheter
•It is passed into the narrowed segment of the
vessel
•Then inflated to a fixed size.
•Balloon crushes the deposit fat
•Opening up the blood vessel for improved
flow.
•Then balloon is deflated and withdrawn
•A stent is inserted at the same time to ensure
the vessels remain open.
Angioplasty
Angioplasty
 Human Respiration and Breathing
•Respiration:
- Conversion chemical energy-Metabolically
usable energy,
- Within living cell.
 Different parts of respiratory system
• 1. Nose and Nasal passage
• 2. Nasopharynx
• 3. Voice box or Larynx
• 4. Trachea
• 5. Bronchus
• 6. Lungs
• 7. Diaphragm
Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1
 Nose and Nasal passage
• Nose hollow triangular
• It consist: bone, cartilage, connective tissue and muscle.
• Nasal opening-Aperture
• Nasal cavity
• Functions:
- Air enter through nostril
- Drawn into nasal passage
- Air warmed by moisture
- Moisture evaporate from lining of the nasal passage.
 Human respiratory system
• Organs of respiratory system:
• (1) Nasal cavity and Nasal passage,
• (2) pharynx,
• (3) larynx,
• (4) trachea,
• (5) bronchus,
• (6) lung and
• (7) diaphragm.
 Nasopharynx
- Nasal passage open into
Nasopharynx
- Through two aperture called choana
- It posteriorly extend upto larynx
 Vocie box
• It is a cavity
• Top of the trachea
• Muscle and cartilage
• It contain vocal cord
Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.2
Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3
 Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE FUNCTION

nose / nasal cavity  warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled

pharynx (throat)  passageway for air, leads to trachea

larynx  the voice box, where vocal chords are located

 keeps the windpipe "open"

trachea (windpipe)  trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia
which filter air before it reaches the lungs

 two branches at the end of the trachea, each

bronchi
lead to a lung

 a network of smaller branches leading from

bronchioles the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately
to air sacs

 the functional respiratory units in the lung

alveoli
where gases are exchanged
Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A
 Moving air in and out
•During inspiration(inhalation), the
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract.
•During exhalation, these muscles relax.
The diaphragm domes upwards.
Moving air in and out
Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9
Alveoli

• The alveoli are moist, thin-walled pockets which are the site of
gas exchange.
• A slightly oily surfactant prevents the alveolar walls from
collapsing and sticking together.
 In the alveolus
• The respiratory surface is
made up of the alveoli
and capillary walls.
• The walls of the
capillaries and the alveoli
may share the same
membrane.
In the alveolus
 Oxygen transport
• Hemoglobin binds
to oxygen that
diffuses into the
blood stream.
• What are some
advantages to using
hemoglobin to
transport oxygen?
Oxygen transport
 Carbon dioxide transport
• Carbon dioxide can
dissolve in plasma,
and about 70%
forms bicarbonate
ions.
• Some carbon
dioxide can bind to
hemoglobin for
transport.
Carbon dioxide transport