DESIGN OF STRUCTUES II

STEEL BEAMS

J.SAMARASAPRIYA
115011001438
III A
DESIGN OF STEEL BEAM
 MATERIAL
THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT GRADES OF STEEL, BUT
USUALLY ONE COMMON GRADE FOR EACH SHAPE TYPE.
THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPE OF STEEL I-BEAM IS
THE W (WIDE FLANGE) SHAPE. W SHAPES ARE USUALLY
MADE FROM GRADE A992 STEEL. FOR OUR EXAMPLE, WE
WILL BE DESIGNING A W SHAPE STEEL I BEAM, SO WE
SELECT A992 FROM THE MATERIAL LIST.
 SHAPE
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF STEEL SHAPES, EVEN NUMEROUS TYPES OF I
BEAMS. FOR OUR EXAMPLE, SELECT A W8X15. THIS BEAM IS ROUGHLY 8" DEEP
(OR TALL), THAT IS THE FIRST NUMBER FOLLOWING THE X. THIS BEAM WEIGHS
15 LBS. THAT IS THE SECOND NUMBER IN THE SHAPE NAME. TYPICALLY, THE
LIGHTER THE BEAM, THE LESS IT WILL COST, SO TO DESIGN THE MOST COST
EFFECTIVE BEAM, YOU WILL WANT TO CHOOSE ONE THAT WEIGHS THE LEAST
BUT MEETS YOU DESIGN CRITERIA. AFTER WE ENTER ALL THE DESIGN CRITERIA,
WE CAN CHANGE THE SHAPE IF IT IS NOT THE RIGHT SIZE FOR OUR DESIGN.
SPAN
SPAN IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS OF SUPPORT FOR A BEAM. A
BEAM IS OFTEN JUST A SINGLE SPAN SUPPORTED AT BOTH END. HOWEVER,
THAT'S NOT ALWAYS THE CASE. BEAMS CAN BE SUPPORTED ANYWHERE
ALONG THEIR LENGTH OR THEY CAN BE CANTILEVER BEYOND THEIR END
SUPPORTS. TO ADD OR EDIT SPAN LENGTH IN WEBSTRUCTURAL, SIMPLY
CLICK THE SPAN BUTTON OR THE SPAN DIMENSION AND ADD A SPAN TO
THE LEFT OR RIGHT, THEN ADJUST THE LENGTH AS APPROPRIATE. FOR
OUR EXAMPLE, ADD A SPAN TO THE RIGHT AND MAKE IT 4'-0". ADJUST THE
FIRST SPAN TO EQUAL 12'-0".

SPAN SUPPORT CONDITIONS CAN ALSO BE CHANGED IN WEBSTRUCTURAL

BY SIMPLY CLICKING ON A SUPPORT. CLIKING THE SUPPORT WILL TOGGLE
THROUGH PINNED, FIXED, AND FREE SUPPORT CONDITIONS. FOR OUR
EXAMPLE, CHANGE THE RIGHT MOST SUPPORT TO FREE TO CREATE A
CANTILEVER.
 BRACING
IN CONSTRUCTION, CROSS BRACING IS A
SYSTEM UTILIZED TO REINFORCE BUILDING
STRUCTURES IN WHICH DIAGONAL SUPPORTS
INTERSECT. CROSSBRACING CAN INCREASE A
BUILDING'S CAPABILITY TO WITHSTAND SEISMIC
ACTIVITY.
Design Method (ASD or LRFD)
STRUCTURAL STEEL CAN EITHER BE DESIGNED BY LOAD
AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) AND
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD). BOTH METHODS
YIELD SIMILAR RESULTS
ALLOWABLE STRESS
The allowable stress or allowable strength is the maximum stress
 (tensile, compressive or bending) that is allowed to be applied on a
structural material. The allowable stresses are generally defined by
building codes, and for  steel, and aluminum is a fraction of their
 yield stress (strength):

 is the allowable stress,   is the yield stress, and   is the factor of

safety or safety factor.
LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM