Objectives:

1.Examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict

perspective
2.Identify characteristics of the system of stratification
3. Suggest ways to address global inequalities.
Fill up the KWL Chart with the correct information. Write in the first column what
you know about the lesson/topics.
In the second column what you want to know about the lesson/topics? And in the
third column what you have learned from the lesson/topics discussed?

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

STRATIFICATION
KNOW WHAT LEARNED
1. While walking around have you observed your
neighborhood?
2. Are you aware of the differences among the people?

People also vary in wealth, prestige, popularity, and many

others.
Social Category: according to sex, age, occupation, education,
religion, race, intelligence, wealth, etc.
Defining Culture and Society from the perspective of Anthropology and Sociology

 Objectives:
1.describe culture as complex whole

2.Identify aspects of culture

Society as a group of people sharing a common culture
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IS DISTINGUISED AS THREE SOCIAL CLASSES
 COMPARE THE THREE SOCIAL CLASSES IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
USING A VENN DIAGRAM 1. LOWER CLASS-office and
clerical workers, skilled and
unskilled, craftsman, farm
employees and indigent
families. Short of revenue,
LOWER education or training, depend on
CLASS MIDDLE paycheck

CLASS
2. MIDDLE CLASS- mostly
professional people like lawyers,
UPPER doctors, managers, owners of small
businesses, executives, etc. Can afford a
CLASS comfortable lifestyle. Value education
as the most important measure of social
3. UPPER CLASS- elite families, stock holders, investors, and who status
live in an exclusive neighborhood. Own many houses, mingle with the
same class, value heritage most over wealth
1.What are the limitations of the different social
classes? What are the advantages and
disadvantages belonging to a certain social class?
1.If your parents are poor will you be forever be poor
also?
2.Why are we not a rich country?
3.Why are we not rich? Explain
STATUS- the individuals position in a social structure. The higher or lower
positions that come about through social stratification are called statuses.

 1.Ascribed statuses
 2. Achieved statuses

What is PRESTIGE?
What is Esteem?
PRESTIGE-evaluation of status. It is based on your status
while ESTEEM is based on your role behavior
 A. SOCIAL DESIRABLES
1. WEALTH
2.POWER
3. PRESTIGE
Culture as a “that complex whole which encompasses
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a
person learns and shares as a member of society”.
(E.B Tylor)
Hula mo puntos ko (aspects of culture)

 Creativity 5pts.
 Relevance to the topic 5pts.
 Content, Clarity of the topic(meaningfulness) 10pts.
 Cooperation Correct interpretation 5pts

25pts
 Aspects of Culture
A. Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive
B. Shared and contested (given the reality of social differentiation)
C. Learned through socialization or enculturation.
D. Patterned social Interactions
E. Integrated and at times unstable
F. transmitted through socialization/enculturation
G. requires language and other forms of communication
Types of Mobility: People may change their social
class position either two ways.

1. They can move from one position to another position within
their social class
2. They can move into another class
Horizontal Mobility-is the movement of a person within a
social class level. Ex. Principal to become an Educational
Supervisor. Receives the same salary, the same amount of
prestige.
Vertical mobility-is the movement of the person between
social class level. Movement may be upward or downward.
The person may either rise or fall in the social class structure.
 SOCIAL INEQUALITY
 The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society.
 Occurs when resources in a given society ae distributed unevenly,
generally through norms of allocation.
 Socialand natural resources, economic resources unevenly distributed,
may contribute to social status.
 Shaped by a range of structural factors such as geographical location or
citizenship status. Ex. Tribal head/chieftain may hold some privileges.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
 Sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination.
 The emphasis is born out of the deepening division in the roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the
economic, political and educational spheres.
 Ex. Women are underrepresented in the political activities and decision making processes in almost every part of
the world.
 Gender discrimination
 Diversity of universal issues like HIV/AIDS, illiteracy, and poverty.
 Women face problems such as lack if access to education
 Underrepresented in political activities.
 Main victims of discrimination, oppression and violence.
 Liberal feminist-awareness about lack of fundamental rights and freedom.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
The struggle for equal rights
Modern women with full legal rights is relatively new idea for many years.
1940’s eleven states did not permit a women to maintain her own earnings without her husbands approval. Women
could not make legal contracts, banned from serving on juries, controlled the kinds of jobs that women could hold.

The Women’s rights movement

1848-a group of women led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, held a convention in SENECA FALLs, New York-
discussion about women’s rights and marked the start of the women’s suffrage movement.
1920- United States Constitution was ratifies,-giving women the right to vote.

The Beginnings of Today’s Women’s Movement

1950-modern women’s movement
1st suffragist activity in the US.
2nd women worked in factories while men were away during the WWII.
3rd medical science and public health give women more choices. Ex. Birth control
4th advances in technology shorten the amount of time women to do household chores.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
 The use of Political Action
 Specialwork related problems-women are not offered the same promotion
opportunities as men.
 Some women turned to political action to solve the problem
 One of the political battles is the Civil Rights Act of 1964- this law forbade
discrimination in employment on the grounds of both race and sex.
 Gradually things began to change, Sex Discrimination law began to be enforced.
 Women began to get top-level jobs in the government and business.
1. Do you agree that men and women should be treated
the same way? Explain your answer.
2. Do you think men and women today have equal
opportunities in our society?
RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY
 Consequences of hierarchical social distinction between
racial and ethnic categories.
 Racehas no biological Correlation, it became a socially
constructed category which is capable of restricting or
enabling social status.
 Marginalized groups-lead to cycles of poverty and political
marginalization.
Minorities in the Social Structure
 Describe the dominant members of the society? What is their significance?
 Dominant members
 Have more power than the other people in society
 Sets the standards and establish the values and norms of the society
 Enjoy certain privileges, Ex. Better housing, better schools, and higher income
 Must protect or defend their power over the other people within the society.
 Describe the minority groups in the society.
 Minorities
 Barred from some degree of power, prestige or wealth
 Denied equal treatment by the dominant members of the society
 Lower position in the society.
Discrimination and Prejudice
 Who are prone to discrimination and prejudice?
 What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?
 Discrimination (ACT)
 Minorities are being deprived of equal treatment and kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the society and the
resistance of equality.
 Damaging act which can take many forms, could lead to physical harm or the threat of physical harm
 Institutionalize discrimination

Prejudice (Attitude)
 Can either be negative or positive
 Usually negative attitude toward the members of a particular group.
 Preconceived or prejudgment of others that allows us to brand/label them in various pessimistic ways

 Those who are discriminated are almost always prejudiced as well.

 STEREOTYPING
 Prejudice involves stereotyping.
 Refers to the propensity to picture all members of a particular category as
having the same qualities.
 It is the result of overgeneralization.
 Ex. Negative attitudes with a member of a particular social category, then we
overgeneralized by judging everyone else in the category is just like that
person.
 It is not accurate and not true, every individual is unique.
 Ethnocentrism
The belief that our own nation, race, or group is the
best.
“we are better than they” always leads to prejudice.
 SCAPEGOATING
 When people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve.
 Taken from the ancient Hebrew custom of identifying the sins of the
people with a goat and then driving the goat into the wilderness.
 The attitude which is looking for someone or something else to be
blamed for our own troubles or problems continues up to this time.
 Minorities are often the object of scapegoating since they lack power
and status on the society.
 Racism
It is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the
right to control or direct others.
Remains as one of the foremost ways that the dominant
members of society sustain the power over the minorities.
Maintains the myth that other people are inferior because of
certain differences.
Reducing minorities to a lower status
 ETHNIC MINORITIES
In every society there are some people whose manner of
life departs from the principles of the society as a whole.
People whose cultural background differs from that of
the dominant members of a society.
Doesn’t share dominant cultural heritage
Often experience discrimination
Answer the question by arranging the jumbled letters inside the box.

 1. It is the thinking that one’s own race is superior ad has the right to control or direct others
 MSICAR
 2. Are people whose cultural background differs from that of the dominant members of a society.
 CINTHTE YTIRONIM
 3. Refers to a propensity to picture all members of a particular category as having the same qualities.
 GNIPYTOERETS
 4. This is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve, often they feel frustrated.
 GNITOAGPESAC
 5. They are people who are barred from some degree of power, prestige, or wealth.
 IMRONSEITI
 6. This is the belief that our own nation, race, or group is the best.
 MSIRTNECONHTE
 7. They are members of the society that have more power over the other people in a society.
 TNANIMOD
 8.This is a negative attitude toward the members of a particular group.
 ERPUJECID
 9. It is an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the
society and the resistance of equality.
 NOITANIMIRCSID
 10. It is the consequence of hierarchical social distinction between racial and ethnic categories within a society and
often recognized based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics such as skin color and
other physical characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.
 YTILAUQENI CINHTE
Do you agree that women and men should always be
treated the same way? Explain.
How People become minorities
Three basic ways in which minority definitions
develop according to sociologist:
1.MIGRATION
2.COLONIALISM
3. ANNEXATION
How People become minorities
1.MIGRATION
When people move from, or migrate, from one
society to another, they are commonly called
minorities in new society
Voluntary (by choice), or involuntary
Ex. Blacks were brought to the American
contingent as slaves
How People become minorities
2.COLONIALISM
Some people become minorities in their own country,
without ever leaving their place of birth.
Happens when people from another country decides to
settle in a new land and then take control of the society.
Spanish and American colonizers
When Magellan came to the Philippines, after 333 years
of Spanish colonization here in the Philippines came the
Americans.
How People become minorities
3.ANNEXATION
Citizens may turn out to be minority when
their country is joined, or annexed, to another
nation.
Voluntary or involuntary
Usually happens after a war ends.
How minorities are treated
1. Extermination-most tremendous form of rejection by dominant
members of a society towards minorities.
1. it is the most brutal of all treatments of minority people. Ex.
Masss extermination of roughly 6million Jews by Hitler’s
Germany in World War II
2. Expulsion-less severe form of rejection, compared to
extermination.
1. The elimination of the minority group from the dominant
society. Minorities are expelled to an unused tract of land.
How minorities are treated
3. Segregation-Minority may be segregated or
isolated, in specific neighborhoods. It is spatial
separation of minority from the dominant members
of the society.
1. Schools, jobs, transportation, restrooms, theatres,
and restaurants.
2. Ex. Black Americans were required to live in a
certain section of a town.
How minorities are treated
 4.
Cultural Pluralism-form of dominant-minority relationship.
It is the acceptance and recognition of cultural differences in
subgroups among residence, with no single subgroup dominating
the others.
Ex. In Switzerland, French, German and Italian, and Swiss
retained separate language and customs but united in common
political and economic system.
Respect the rights and customs of other ethnic subgroups and of
the society as a whole.
How minorities are treated
 5. Assimilation- happens when minorities try to be similar to the
dominant members of the society.
Immigrants to the United States wanted to be Americans,
dropped all of their ethnic characteristics-verbal communication,
outfit, customs and traditions, and even their names.
Wanting to be one of the dominant group.
 6. Amalgamation-Blending through accepted intermarriage,
through this differences between dominant and minority members
of society disappear.
 GLOBAL INEQUALITY

Is the entire world, growing more or less unequal?

Is the economy of the Philippines Growing?
Inequality and Economic Growth
Some economists think that economic inequality is an
essential prerequisite for economic growth.
Economic inequality does have a positive correlation with
economic growth, but inequality in general is not positively
correlated with economic growth.
 GLOBAL INEQUALITY
 The Global Big Picture
 Branko Milanovic-senior scholar with the Luxembourg Income Survey- has
done a rigorous research on the global income inequality picture (national
vices, global virtue)
 Accordingly,inequality within nations is increasing, but inequality worldwide
seems to ne slightly decreasing as middle classes emerge in China and India.
 Inequality as the most visible aspects of broader and more complex issue
 Inequality
of opportunities, extends to ethnicity, gender, age, and disability
among others.
What are the possible effects of inequality?
HOW TO SOLVE?
Challenges remain, including poverty, environmental
degradation, persistent unemployment, political instability,
violence and conflict
What are the effects of inequality?
Barred from the mainstream, end up feeling disenfranchised,
Results in deepening income inequality
What are the possible effects of inequality?
HOW TO SOLVE?
INCOME INEQUALITY-HOW TO SOLVE INCOME
INEQULITY?
1.IMPROVED EDUCATION
2. TAX POLICY
3.SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY
4.REDISTRIBUTION
5.JOB CREATION
6.WORK FORCE DEVELOPMENT
 OTHER MINORITIES: PERSONS WITH
DISABILITIES
Normally a condition either caused by genetics or disease,
accident, trauma-hamper persons mental, sensory, or
mobility functions to carry out or perform a task in the
same way as a person who does not have disability.
Doesn’t imply that a person with disability is not capable to
perform all important requirements of a job, and go beyond the
expectations of their employer.
 OTHER MINORITIES: PERSONS WITH
DISABILITIES
 Conditions causing disability are classified by medical community:
A. inherited (genetically transmitted)
B. congenital (caused by a mother’s infection or other disease during
pregnancy)
C. Embryonic or fatal development irregularities, or by injury during
or soon after birth.
D. acquired-such as conditions caused by illness or injury
E. unknown origin.
WAYS OF CATEGORIZING DISABILITY
 1.PHYSICAL DISABILITY
 2.SENSORY DISABILITY
 3. INTELECTUAL DISABILITY
 4.MENTAL HEALTH AND EMOTIONAL DISABILITY
 5.DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILTY
 6. NON-VISIBLE DISABILITY
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY
 1. PHYSICAL DISABILITY
 Any impairment which limits the physical function of limbs, fine bones, or gross motor. This limits
ones activities of daily living.
 Affects person’s mobility or dexterity.
 2. SENSORY DISABILITY
 Impairment of one of the sense. This refers to vision and hearing impairment
 Affects a person’s ability to hear or see.
 A. VISION IMPAIREMENT
 Vision loss of a person resulting from disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that
cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication or surgery.
 1.best corrected visual acuity of less than 20/60, or significant central field defect
 2.significant peripheral field defect including homonymous or heteronomous bilateral visual.
PHYSICAL DISABILITY
B.HEARING IMPAIRMENT
Hard of hearing or deafness refers to conditions in
which individuals are fully or partially incapable to
recognize or perceive at least some frequencies of
sound which can typically be heard by most people.
Mild hearing is not considered a disability.
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY
 3.INTELECTUAL DISABILITY
Ranges from mental retardation to cognitive deficits too mild or too
specific( any specific learning disability)
Mental retardation is a subtype of intellectual disability.
 4. MENTAL HEALTH AN EMOTIONAL DISABILITIES
Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral
pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability
that occurs in an individual, and perceived by the majority of
society as being outside of normal development or cultural
expectation.
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY
 5. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY
Any disability that results in problems with growth and
developments.
Congenital conditions that have no mental or intellectual
components
Ex. Spina bifida-vertebrate is malformed,
 6. NON-VISIBLE DISABILITIES
Chronic disorders-diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease,
epilepsy, narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, and some sleep disorder.
THINGS TO REMEMBER!
 WE SHOULD BE CAREFULL IN DESCRIBING PEOPLE WITH DISABILTY
 SOME WORDS BY THEIR VERY NATURE DEGRADE AND HUMULIATE
AND DIMINISH PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY.
 What are the degrading words you often use?
 EX. “DISABLED YOUNG PERSON”-better if called “young person with
disability”
 Ex.Handicapped, cripple, spastic, invalid-are derogatory, offensive, insulting
should be avoided by all.
 COMPARING PERSON WITH DISABAILITY TO NORMAL PEOPLE-
implies person with disability is abnormal and ignores the fact that every
person has his own distinctiveness and abilities.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1.Should the government set up centers or working
establishments exclusive for persons with disabilities? Why?
2. Should the government encourage business to make it easier
for persons with disability to work? Why?
3. Or should the government stay out of affairs with that of the
people with disability? Why?
 DISABILTIY LAWS
 REPUBLIC ACTS-ANTI-BULLYING ACT
 Republic Act Number 10627 (dated 05 June 2013)
Bullying shall refer to any severe or repeated use by one or more
students of written, verbal or electronic expression, or physical act
or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student
that has the effect of actually causing or placing the latter in
reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his
property; creating a hostile environment at school for the other
student; infringing on the rights of the other student at school; or
materially and substantially disrupting the education process or the
orderly operation of a school.
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYMENT
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 10524, DATED 23 JUNE 2012
“at least one percent (1%) of all positions in all
government agencies, offices or corporations shall
reserved for persons with disability: provided, that
private corporations with more than one hundred
(100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least
one percent a(1%) of all positions for persons with
disability”
ACCESIBLE POLLING PLACES EXCLUSIVELY FOR
PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND SENIOR CITIZENS
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 10336, DATED 23 JUNE 2012.
“The state shall ensure that persons with disabilities and
senior citizens are able to exercise their right to political
participation without discrimination or restrictions… the
state shall design systems and procedures that will
enable persons with disabilities and senior citizens to
register and vote by them.”
MAGNA CARTA FOR PERSONS WITH
DISABILTIES
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 7277, dated 24 march 1992.
 The law provides fir the rehabilitation, self-development and self-
reliance of disables persons and their integration into the mainstream
of society and for other purposes.
 Ex.Department of Tourism memorandum circular no. 2011-04 : 20%
discount entitlements to persons with disabilities.
 DILG memorandum Circular no. 2009-129 –clarifies the procedure on
the issuance of ID’s and booklets for PWDs.
MAGNA CARTA FOR PERSONS WITH
DISABILTIES
 Joint Department of trade and Industry and Department of Agriculture
Administrative order 02, dated 27 June 2009-grant of special discounts
to persons with disability on the purchase of basic necessities and
prime commodities.
 Other policies…DepEd Child Protection Policy, dated 14 May 2012:
protecting children in school from violence, exploitation,
discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse, cruelty, and other conditions
prejudicial to their development.
Post test: Fact or Bluff (4 groups)
1. Status is the individual’s position in the social structure.
2.Prestige refers to the assessment of the individual role
behavior..
3. Social inequality, frequently described on the basis of the
unequal distribution of income or wealth, is a frequently
studied type of social inequality.
 4.Stratificationis the method of relating people in terms of certain
social characteristics and then classifying them into social categories
based on these characteristics.
 5. Ascribed status is a kind of status, which is assigned by the society
or group on the basis of some fixed category, without regard to a
person’s abilities or performance.
 6.Disability is the consequence of an impairment that may be physical,
cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, and may be
present from birth or occur during a person’s lifetime.
7. Any impairment which limits the physical function of limbs,
fine bones, or gross motor ability is physical impairment.
8. Ascribed statuses are earned by the individual…
9.Prestige refers to the assessment of status.
10. The process of layering of social categories into higher and
lower position of prestige or respect is called differentiation…
 MSICAR

11. It is the thinking that one’s own race is

superior ad has the right to control or direct
others
 CINTHTE YTIRONIM

12. Arepeople whose cultural

background differs from that of the
dominant members of a society.
 GNIPYTOERETS

13. Refers to a propensity to picture all

members of a particular category as
having the same qualities.
 GNITOAGPESAC

14. This is a situation when people

encounter problems that they do not know
how to solve, often they feel frustrated.
 IMRONSEITI

15. They are people who are barred from

some degree of power, prestige, or wealth.
 MSIRTNECONHTE

16. This is the belief that our own nation,

race, or group is the best.
 TNANIMOD

17. They are members of the society that

have more power over the other people in
a society.
 ERPUJECID

18.Thisis a negative attitude toward the

members of a particular group.
 NOITANIMIRCSID

19. It is an act of depriving minorities of

equal treatment and are kept in a lower
status by the dominant members of the
society and the resistance of equality.
 YTILAUQENI CINHTE

20. It is the consequence of hierarchical social distinction

between racial and ethnic categories within a society and
often recognized based on characteristics such as skin
color and other physical characteristics such as skin color
and other physical characteristics or an individual’s place
of origin or culture.
suggest ways to address global inequalities
 1. Gender inequality
 2. Ethnic minorities
 3.Other minorities (e.g., persons with disabilities)
 4.Global Inequality (relationships between states and nonstate actors in the
global community)
Causes of social change
1. Population
2. Technology
3. Social Institution
4. Environment

POEM, SONG, SPOKEN POETRY

RUBRIC FOR SCORING: Social Change

1. Creativity:………………………15points
2. Content/meaningfulness:….15points
3. Cooperation:…………………5points
4. Timeliness:………………………5points
 Total: 40points
CAUSES OF SOCIAL, POLITAL, CULTURAL
CHANGE
1. POEM
2. SONG
3. SPOKEN POETRY
4. DRAMA/PLAY

 *3 TO 5 minutes presentation
 Good Day
Prayer
Attendance
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
CHANGE
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITCAL CHANGE

OBJECTIVES:
1. Define social change
2. Explain the theories of social change
3. Analyze the causes and sources of
social change
STUDENTS ARE GROUPED INTO 4.
choose a representative to answer.
Write your names in a 1/4
 MSICAR

1. What is the thinking that one’s own race is

superior and has the right to control or direct
others?

REVIEW
 ERPUJECID
2.What
is a negative attitude towards the
members of a particular group?
 MSIRTNECONHTE

3. What is the belief that our own nation,

race, or group is the best?
 TNANIMOD

4. Who are members of the society that

have more power over the other people in
a society?
 SORYSEN YISABILTID
5. What is the Impairment of
one of the senses? This refers
either to vision or hearing
impairment that
affects a person’s ability to hear
or see?
TALDEVELOPMENDEV
6. What is the disability that results in
TYSABILIDI
problems with growth and developments?
This is a congenital conditions that have
no mental or intellectual components
Ex. Spina bifida-vertebrate is malformed
 SIONVI AIREMENTIMP
7. What is the disability which is characterized as
the loss of vision of a person resulting from
disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative
conditions that cannot be corrected by
conventional means, such as refractive correction,
medication or surgery?
NON-LESIBVI
BILITIESDISA
8. Which disability does the following are
categorized:
Chronic disorders-diabetes, asthma,
inflammatory bowel disease, epilepsy,
narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, and some sleep
disorder.
ACT.1 PRETEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

1.Who is the proponent of the dialectic model of change

based on the interaction of different opposing forces,
namely thesis, antithesis and synthesis?
A. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
B. Karl Marx
C. Thomas Kuhn
D. Herbert Spencer
PRETEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

2. Who among the Social change theorist shows and

highlights humankind’s history of struggle between social
class?
A. Karl Marx
B. Thomas Kuhn
C. Herbert Spencer
D. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
PRETEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

3.What is the theory on social change proposed by

Herbert Spencer who believes that societies evolve
from simple to a more complex one?
A. Hegelian
B. Kuhnian
C. Evolutionary
D. Daoist
PRETEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

3.What is the theory on social change proposed by

Herbert Spencer who believes that societies evolve
from simple to a more complex one?
A. Hegelian
B. Kuhnian
C. Evolutionary
D. Daoist
PRETEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

4. The following are causes of social

change, except:
A. Tensions
B. Modernization
C. Technology
D. Environment
PRETEST: SOCIAL CHANGE
5.What is the theory on social change proposed by Thomas
Kuhn who believes that people continue utilizing an
apparently unworkable paradigm until a better paradigm is
invented and commonly accepted?
A.HEGELIAN
B. MARXIST
C.KUHNIAN
D. HERACLITAN
Act. 3 QUOTATION ANALYSIS

“Everything change except change

itself”

“No man ever steps in the same

river twice”
“Change is the only permanent thing in the
world”.
Change is inevitable
We cannot avoid change.
It is an enduring force that affects the different
sectors in the society.
Activity: 4 choose a representative per group.
Using the Flower Concept map. Give 1 word/phrase that come into your mind
when you hear the word SOCIAL CHANGE:

CHARADES
SOCIAL
CHANG
WORDS/PHRASE E
ACT. 4 CHARADES:
STUDENTS WILL ACT OUT
WORDS OR PHRASES WHILE
THEIR GROUP MEMBERS WILL
GUESS.
YOU ARE ONLY GIVEN 20
SECONDS TO GUESS.
Activity: 4 choose a representative per group.
Using the Flower Concept map. Give 1 word/phrase that come into your mind
when you hear the word SOCIAL CHANGE:

CHARADES
SOCIAL
CHANG
WORDS/PHRASE E
 SOCIAL CHANGE
Shift in various aspect of the society: large
scale transformation in social structure, culture,
and institutions or small scale change in local
and international action.
Significant modification or alteration in the
lifestyle of a society, including culture.
 SOCIAL CHANGE
Significant shift or modification in the lifestyle of a
society that affects major portion of the member
population and brings about transformation in
patterns of behavior.
Disruptive shift in the status quo
Social change may give way to development or
retrogression.
 SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE PHILPPINES
For the past 20 years and more, Philippines has
experience social change.
Filipino Family has undergone a lot of changes:
Family traditions, family set-up, family values and
attitudes, and even family way of life have
drastically change.
 SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE PHILPPINES
Filipinos: fathers (mothers) to work abroad- to provide
food and other basic necessities for their children.
More and more people in the rural areas have decided to
try their luck in the cities: Urban congestion-
environmental issues.
Onset of information and communication technology
WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE BASIC AGENTS
THAT CAUSES SOCIAL CHANGE?
 CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1.TECHNOLOGY

CAUSES OF 2.SOCIAL
INSTITUTION
SOCIAL
3.POPULATION
CHANGE
4.ENVIRONMEN
T
HOW DOES EACH AGENT CAUSES SOCIAL
CHANGE?
SHOW AND EXPLAIN THE CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
AND GIVE EXAMPLE OF EACH THROUGH CREATIVE
PRESENTATION

1. Technology EX.ROLE

2. Social Institution PLAY
3. Population SINGING
4. Environment
RUBRIC FOR SCORING: Social Change

1. Creativity:………………………15points
2. Content/meaningfulness:….15points
3. Cooperation:…………………5points
4. Timeliness:………………………5points
 Total: 40points
3 TO 5MINUTES PRESENTATION
ORDER OF PRESENTATION
 THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
 There are different theories of social change has the following elements:
structural aspects of changes, process and mechanisms of social change, and
direction of change.
 1.GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (1770-1831) HEGELIAN:
DIALECTIC MODEL OF CHANGE (GERMAN PHILOSOPHER)
 Based on the interaction of different opposing forces.
 Thesis vs Antithesis: conflict= Synthesis
 Civil society is developing through antagonism between:
the self vs the common interest,
 accumulating wealth vs increasing poverty,
growing productivity vs expansionist war.
 2. CONFLICT THEORY (MARXIST)
 2. KARL MARX (1818-1883)
 Dialectic and materialist concept of history: highlights humankind’s
history of struggle between social classes.
 Peopleincreasingly transform nature to make it better to serve their
own purposes.
 Conflictof two classes: Bourgeoisie( capitalist) vs the
proletariats(laborer)
3. KUHNIAN(SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION)
 THOMAS KUHN (July18, 1922-June 17, 1996) -Science Philosopher
 Believesthat people are likely to continue utilizing an apparently unworkable
paradigm until a better paradigm is invented and commonly accepted.
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OR PARADIGM SHIFT
 Occurs when scientists encounter anomalies that cannot be explained by the
universally accepted paradigm which scientific progress has thereto been made.
 Result of a long process
 Simply the change of worldview: change of thinking to another, and can apply
to anything: your relationships, your home surroundings etc.
 4. HIRACLITAN
 HERACLITUS (c. 535 BCE) Born of a wealthy family. Ancient Philosopher
 “No man ever steps in the same river twice”
 “There is nothing permanent except change”
 Able to observe that the nature is in a state of constant flux: cold things grow
hot, wet dries
 Everything is constantly shifting, changing, and becoming something
other than what it was before.
 Nature is change.
 Physically we are growing, and dying all the time etc.
 We live in a world of change.
 5.DAOIST
 DAO DE JING CHINESE PHILOSOPHER
 Metaphor of water as the ideal agent of change. Although soft and
yielding, will eventually wear away stone.
 Water (Element) represents many things
 Water means wisdom
 6. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
 HERBERT SPENCER,ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER AND A
REVOLUTIONARY THEORIST.
 Societies
evolved from simple to a more complex one, from being primitive to
becoming more advance and progressive.
 PROGRESSIVISM-Society as a kind of organism subject to the person of
growth: from simple to complex, from chaos to order.
 Newly created or more evolved society is better than the previous or the old.
 Asthe society progress, the functions of each member also changes and becomes
more organized and specialized.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SOCIAL
CHANGE?
1.TECHNOLOGY

CAUSES OF 2.SOCIAL
INSTITUTION
SOCIAL
3.POPULATION
CHANGE
4.ENVIRONMEN
T
Each group is given 3 to 5 minutes presentation
30 seconds to prepare

RUBRIC FOR SCORING: Social Change

1. Creativity:………………………15points
2. Content/meaningfulness:….15points
3. Cooperation:…………………5points
4. Timeliness:………………………5points
 Total: 40points
3 TO 5MINUTES PRESENTATION
RUBRIC FOR SCORING: Social Change

1. Creativity:………………………15points
2. Content/meaningfulness:….15points
3. Cooperation:…………………5points
4. Timeliness:………………………5points
 Total: 40points
3 TO 5MINUTES PRESENTATION
 TECHNOLOGY
 DO YOU THINK THAT THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY IS MORE ADVANTAGES TO
HUMAN?
 CAN WE LIVE PEACEFULLY WITHOUT MODERN TECHNOLOGY?
 For the past years, improved technology has made the lives of people on earth easier
 Discovery of electricity changed many things.
 Electricity, automobile, and internet some of the changes in the field of technology.
 Medical technology: infertile women to bear children
 Agricultural technology
 Technology changed so much of the people’s lives that everything has been modernized.
 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Established sets of norms and subsystems in a society
 Societies are composed of different sectors and each sector carries out
specific tasks.
 Economic institutions: Economic growth; buy and sell market transactions
 Non-state institutions: community building…
 Government: Good citizens/law abiding citizens
 Education/School: globally competitive students/citizens
 Religious Institution
 Each institution has vital and necessary function for the society to exist and
develop.
 POPULATION
 Change in population may also bring about social change
 It has a tremendous in all aspect of society.
 Ex. United States and Japan: steady increase of elderly population: will result in
an increased demand for senior care providers or housing for the senior aged-
population of the society.
 Elderly population means decrease in the labor force in the country.
 High fertility rate: how does the government provide for the needs of its growing
population.
 Affects the income, environment and natural resources.
 ENVIRONMENT
A change in the environment will also affect the people and
society.
Individual and environment affects each other.
Issues on climate change
Massive drought
Tsunamis, earthquakes, and strong typhoons are becoming
usual occurrences.
 CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
The most common causes that are recognized by social
scientists are: technology, social institutions, population, and
environment.
Created a huge impact on when and how the society changes.
Interrelated, change in one area can lead to changes in
others.
SUMMARY
“Change is the only permanent thing in the world”
Change is inevitable
We cannot avoid change.
It is an enduring force that affects the different sectors in
the society.
It can either be political, economic, technological,
scientific, cultural or social.
 POSTTEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

1.Who is the proponent of the dialectic model of change

based on the interaction of different opposing forces,
namely thesis, antithesis and synthesis?
A. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
B. Karl Marx
C. Thomas Kuhn
D. Herbert Spencer
POSTTEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

2. Who among the Social change theorist shows and

highlights humankind’s history of struggle between social
class?
A. Karl Marx
B. Thomas Kuhn
C. Herbert Spencer
D. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
POSTTEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

3.What is the theory on social change proposed by

Herbert Spencer who believes that societies evolve
from simple to a more complex one?
A. Hegelian
B. Kuhnian
C. Evolutionary
D. Daoist
POSTTEST: SOCIAL CHANGE

4. The following are causes of social

change, except:
A. Tensions
B. Modernization
C. Technology
D. Environment
POST: SOCIAL CHANGE
5.What is the theory on social change proposed by Thomas
Kuhn who believes that people continue utilizing an
apparently unworkable paradigm until a better paradigm is
invented and commonly accepted?
A.HEGELIAN
B. MARXIST
C.KUHNIAN
D. HERACLITAN
KEY ANSWER
1.Who is the proponent of the dialectic model of change based on
the interaction of different opposing forces, namely thesis, antithesis
 1. A.
Georg Wilhelm
and synthesis?
Friedrich Hegel
2. Who among the Social change theorist shows and highlights  2. A Karl Marx
humankind’s history of struggle between social class?
3.What is the theory on social change proposed by Herbert Spencer
who believes that societies evolve from simple to a more complex 
one?
3. C. Evolutionary

4. The following are causes of social change, except:

 4. A. Tensions
5.What is the theory on social change proposed by Thomas Kuhn
who believes that people continue utilizing an apparently
unworkable paradigm until a better paradigm is invented and  5. C.KUHNIAN
commonly accepted?
1. RESEARCH AND EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT
SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE.
2. Give concrete examples EACH
1. Innovation
2. Diffusion
3. Acculturation and Assimilation
4. Social Contradictions and tensions
Content= 15pts.
CLOSING PRAYER
SOURCE OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL
CHANGE
1.INNOVATION-form of deviance
It refers to the use of new techniques to achieve desired ends.
Goal of the society are stressed more heavily than the strategies by
which they are to be achieved, members of the society tend to
disregard moral or legal standards to reach these goals.

Institutional means
ACCEPT

Reject
Cultural
goals

Innovation
 2. Diffusion
Itrefers to transmission of cultural characteristics or traits from
the common society to all other societies.
Proponents of diffusion believe that most inventions happened
just once, and then these inventions are being diffused to other
societies and places through imitation.
Ex. EGYPT was the culture center of the world because it was
the cradle of civilization. From Egypt, it then spread
throughout the different parts of the world.
3. Acculturation and Assimilation
ACCULTURATION
 Process of systematic cultural change of a particular society carried out by a new or
another dominant society.
 The change of societies culture is brought through direct contact between individuals of
each society.
 Individuals from minority culture learn the language, habits, and values of a dominant
culture.
 Acquisition of some of the traits of a new culture,Ex. New technology, new knowledge.
ASSIMILATION
 The individual’s culture becomes integrated with the standard culture.
 Process wherein an individual loses all the awareness of his previous group identity and
culture and adopt the traditions and attitudes of a new group where he is.
4. SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS
(INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS, CLASS STRUGGLE, ARMED CONFLICT, TERRORISM,
PROTEST, GENDER ISSUES)

1. SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS- help in the

optimization of social relations between social classes and social groups.
 It is difficult to avoid social contradictions and tensions.
Analysis on it helps to evaluate the level of civil disorder.
Civil disorder- is a form of disturbance caused by a certain group of
people.
Civil disturbance is usually a symptom of, and also a form of protest
against major sociopolitical problems that are experienced in the society.
4. SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS
What are the examples of social contradictions?
What are the causes of social contradictions?
 Civil disorder-are illegal parades, sit-down strikes, riot, sabotage, and even crimes=general chaos.
 Ex. Class struggle, political corruption, crimes, unemployment,
oppression, and political scandal, economic stagnation, severe
inflation, devaluation of currency, disasters, severe unemployment,
oppression, political scandals and etc.
 ETHNIC CONFLICT
 Ethnic refers to a group of people who share a common ancestral,
social, cultural experience, attitude, and beliefs.
Defined by their cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history,
language, dialect, religions and physical appearance or
characteristics
 It is an armed conflict between different ethnic group.
 World history has seen a lot of ethnic wars in the past and even at
present.
 Ex. Yugoslav
wars, first Chechen war, the Nagorno-Karabakh, the
Rwandan Civil War, war in Darfur etc.
THEORIES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT
Three school of thought
1. PRIMORDIALIST
1. Ethnic conflict exist because there are traditions of belief and actions such as
biological features and especially territorial location.
2. Causes of ethnic are institutional, political, and economic factors.
2. INSRUMENTALIST
1. Community leaders uses cultural groups as sites if as mobilization and as
constituencies in their competition for power and resources because they
found them more effective than social classes.
2. Ethnicity and race are viewed as instrumentalist identities, organized as means
to particular ends.
 THEORIES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT

1. CONSTRUCTIVIST
1. Stresses on the importance of the socially constructed nature
of ethnic groups.
 GENDER ISSUES
 Known as sex equality.
 Refersto the view that all genders, including men and women, should
receive equal treatment, and therefore should not be discriminated
against based on their gender.
 Women empowerment ( poor and illiterate)
Answer in a one whole sheet of paper

1. Explain the different sources of social change.

Give concrete example of each.
2. What are the effects of social change?
3. Do you agree that all social change are positive?
Why?
NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN ADAPTATION
AND SOCIAL CHANGE