Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Equations
ordinary differential equations
Definition:
A differential equation is an equation containing an unknown function
and its derivatives.
dy
Examples:. 1. 2x 3
dx
d2y dy
2. 2
3 ay 0
dx dx
4
d 3 y dy
3. 3
6y 3
dx dx
4u 4u
2. 4 0
x 4
t
3. 2 u 2 u u
2
x 2
t t
dy 1
2x 3
dx
d2y dy
2
3 9y 0 2
dx dx
4
d 3 y dy 3
3
6y 3
dx dx
Degree of Differential Equation
The degree of a differential equation is power of the highest
order derivative term in the differential equation.
d2y dy
2
3 ay 0 1
dx dx
4
d 3 y dy
3
6y 3 1
dx dx
3 5
d 2 y dy
2 3 0 3
dx dx
Linear Differential Equation
A differential equation is linear, if
1. dependent variable and its derivatives are of degree one,
2. coefficients of a term does not depend upon dependent
variable.
Example: d2y dy
1. 2
3 9 y 0.
dx dx
is linear.
Example:
2. 4
d 3 y dy
3
6y 3
dx dx
is non - linear because in 2nd term is not of degree one.
Example: 3.
d2y dy
x 2
y x 3
dx 2 dx
is non - linear because in 2nd term coefficient depends on y.
dy
Example: 4. sin y
dx
y3
is non - linear because sin y y is non – linear
3!
It is Ordinary/partial Differential equation of order… and of degree…, it is
linear / non linear, with independent variable…, and dependent variable….
1st – order differential equation
1. Derivative form:
dy
a1 x a0 x y g x
dx
2. Differential form:
1 x dy ydx 0
.
3. General form:
dy
dy
f ( x, y ) or f ( x, y, ) 0.
dx dx
Differential Equation Chapter 1 9
First Order Ordinary Differential
equation
dny d n 1 y d2y dy
a n n a n 1 n 1 .... a 2 2 a1 a0 y g x
dx dx dx dx
dy d n 1 y d2y dy
an x a n 1 x n
...... a 2 x 2
a1 x a0 x y g x
dx dx dx dx
Examples
y sin x y cos x C
y 6 x e x y 3 x 2 e x C1 y x 3 e x C1x C2
Observe that the set of solutions to the above 1st order equation has 1 parameter,
while the solutions to the above 2nd order equation depend on two parameters.
Chapter 1
Families of Solutions
Example 9 yy ' 4 x 0
Differential Equation
9y 2
9 ydy 2 x C1
2
2 x 2 C1 9 y 2 4 x 2 2C1
2
y 2 x2 C1
This yields C where C .
4 9 18
Observe that given any point (x0,y0),
there is a unique solution curve of the
above equation which curve goes The solution is a family of ellipses.
through the given point.
Origin of Differential Equations
Solution
Chapter 1
1.Geometric Origin
1. For the family of straight
lines
y c1 x c 2 the differential equation is
Differential Equation
d2y
2
0
dx
2. . For the family of curves
x2 dy
xy
A. y ce 2 the differential equation is
dx
3 x
B. y c1e c2 e
2x
d 2 y dy
the differential equation is
2
6y 0
dx dx 16
Physical Origin
Chapter 1 Chapter 1
where y is displacement,
m is mass and
Differential
k is spring
constant
3. RLC – circuit, Kirchoff ’s Second Law
q is charge on
d 2q dq 1 capacitor,
L 2 R qE L is inductance,
dt dt c c is capacitance.
R is resistance and
E is voltage 17
Physical Origin
Chapter 1
dT
1.Newton’s Low of Cooling
T Ts
dt
where
dT
is rate of cooling of the liquid,
dt
Differential Equation