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4 Canal Irrigation
4 Canal Irrigation
• It must be maintain
minimum rate of
return(about 6% to 8%).
Rigid
Non-alluvial
Alluvial canals boundary
canals
canals
This canal has lined surface This canal has the surface of
with an impervious material on natural material through which
its bed and sides to prevent the it is constructed and it is not
seepage of water. provided lining on its surface.
High velocity can be permitted Seepage losses are large.
Cross sectional area is less. Subdivided in two parts
Initial cost is high. Alluvial canal
Non – alluvial canal
Lined Canal
Unlined Canal
Classification Based on the Discharge :
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON THE
DISCHARGE
Main canal Branch canal Major distributary Minor distributary Water course
CLASSIFICATIO
N BASED ON
CANAL
ALIGNMENT
2. The length of the main canal from the point where it takes off from a
river to a point where it mounts on a watershed should be minimum.
Features :
• The bed level of the cut is kept much above the bed level
of the river.
Design Considerations for Inundation Canals :
1. A head regulator, generally known as flood regulator, may be
provided a few miles downstream of the offtake point.
7. Bed slope may be fixed depending upon the slope of the country,
keeping in view that non-scouring velocities are not generated. The
slope of the canal bed is generally in the range of 0.10 to 0.25
m/km.
2. Since the silt and fine sand find its way into the canal,
the water carried by inundation canal system has a good
manurial qualities.
2. The water supply available from the canal is not reliable. As water is available only
during floods, there is no water for irrigation during other seasons. The cultivator lacks
interest.
5. The size of the canals will have to be of larger dimensions in order to fulfil the water
requirements in a limited time factor.
7. The channel alignment is also not very precise. Many a times there will be sharp bends
where silting or scouring may occur.
DESIGN STEPS FOR UNLINED CANALS
4.Knowing D and A, calculate the bed width B from geometry of canal section. The side
slope of canal in alluvial soil is assumed to be 0.5 : 1 when the canal has run for some
time.
; Calculate B
5.Calculate the perimeter and the hydraulic mean depth from the relations :
1 D
1
1/2 1/2
6.Calculate the actual mean velocity of flow (V) from Kutter’s equation. If this value of
velocity (V) is the same as V0 found in step 2, the assumed depth is correct. If not,
repeat the calculations with a changed value of D till the two velocities are the same.
Case 2 : Given Q, N, m and B/D ratio
1. Calculate A in terms of D.
let,
..
substitute the values of and A in the continuity equation and solve for D.
Thus,
Hence,
2. He aimed to find out only the average regime conditions for the design
of channel.
5. No account was taken of silt concentration and bed load, and the
complex silt carrying phenomenon was incorporated in single factor m.
Regime silt grade : This indicates the gradation between the small
and the big particles. It should not be taken to mean the average
mean diameter of a particle
• Final regime : When a channel is constructed with defective slope , it tries to throw off
incoherent silt on the bed to increase their slopes. To attain the final regime, the channel forms its
section first before the final slope. The channel after attending its section and longitudinal slope
will be said to be in final regime.
• Permanent regime : When a channel is protected on the bed and side with some kind of
protecting material, the channel section cannot be scoured up and so there is no possibility of
change of section or longitudinal slope ; the channel will then be said to be in permanent regime .
* Lacey also states that the silt is kept in suspension due to the force of vertical eddies.
Lacey’s Regime Equations :
1. Perimeter Discharge (P-Q) relation :
Procedure :
2. Compute velocity :
3. Determine area :
4. Compute perimeter :
5. Find out bed width B and depth D of the channel section since A and P
are known. The side slope of an irrigation channel is usually ½ : 1.
6. Compute :
3. Kennedy assumed Kutter's formula for finding the value of mean velocity
where in the value of N is to be assumed arbitrary. Lacey gave his own
formula for the velocity and thus a designer has not to chose anything
arbitrary.
4. Kennedy gave no formula for determination of longitudinal slope of the
canal.lacey gave a formula for the longitudinal slope of a regime channel.
5. Lacey proposed that the shape of regime channel should be semi ellipse.
Kennedy simply gave the idea that a non- silting and non-scouring channel
will be a regime channel.
6. Lacey’s theory as applied to channel design does not involve any trial and
error procedure whereas Kennedy's theory involves a trial and error
procedure for design of channel.
8. Basic concept of the theories is the same that the silt remains in suspension
due to the force of vertical eddies.
Defects in Lacey’s Theory :
1. The theory does not given a clear description of physical aspects of the
problem.
5. Lacey did not take into account the silt left in channel by water that is
lost in absorption which is as much as 12 to 15% of the total discharge
of channel.
6. The effect of silt attrition was also ignored.
7. Lacey did not properly define the silt grade and silt charge.
1. Chezy’s formula :
Where C is Chezy’s coefficient usually determined by :
K = Bazin’s coefficient
The value may be taken as 1.2 to 1.4 for earth channels in good
condition and between 1.7 to 1.8 for earth channels in poor condition.
2. Manning’s formula :