Disorders

of the Circulatory System

Part 1

The Faculty of Medicine – Second year

Seminar 19 - Week 23-27 March
 atherosclerosis (syn.) hardening of the arteries (syn.) nodular sclerosis -
ateroscleroză, îngroşare a arterelor, scleroză nodulară

 asymptomatic atherosclerosis - Atherosclerosis

ateroscleroză asimptomatică
 plaque of atherosclerosis - placă de
ateroscleroză
 progressive atherosclerosis -
ateroscleroză progresivă
 atherosclerotic - aterosclerotic
 plaque - placă; zonă diferenţiată pe piele
 lumen (pl. lumina) - lumen
 luminal - luminal
 ischemia - ischemie
 ischemic - ischemic
 bowel ischemia (syn.) intestinal
ischemia - ischemie intestinală
 brain ischemia (syn.) cerebral
ischemia - ischemie cerebrală, infarct
cerebral
 hepatic ischemia (syn.) ischemic
hepatitis - ischemie hepatică, hepatită
ischemică
 The accumulation of fatty
deposits within the lining of
an artery is termed
atherosclerosis. These areas,
called plaques, gradually
thicken and harden with
fibrous material, cells, and
other deposits, restricting the
lumen (opening) of the vessel
and reducing blood flow to
the tissues, a condition
known as ischemia.
 angina pectoris (syn.) breast pang (syn.) heart stroke - angină pectorală
diaphoresis (syn.) sudation (syn.) sweating - diaforeză, sudaţie, transpiraţie
dyspnea (syn.) shortness of breath (SOB) (syn.) breathlessness (syn.) laboured
breathing - dispnee, respiraţie dispneică, lipsă de aer, dificultate în respiraţie, respiraţie
grea

 diaphoretic (syn.) sudorific -  Atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels is a

diaforetic, sudorific primary cause of heart disease. One sign of
 ANGI(O) - formă combinatorie cu such coronary artery disease (CAD) is the
sensul de vas, canal type of chest pain known as angina
pectoris. This is a feeling of constriction
 angioplasty - angioplastie around the heart or pain that may radiate to
 bypass - bypass, şunt the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on
 graft - grefă; grefon by exertion. Often there is anxiety,
 vascular graft - grefon vascular diaphoresis (sweating), and dyspnea
(difficulty in breathing). Angina pectoris is
treated by control of exercise and
administration of nitroglycerin to dilate
coronary vessels. Other drugs may be used
to regulate the heartbeat, strengthen the
force of heart contraction, or prevent
formation of blood clots. Severe cases may
be candidates for angioplasty, which is
surgical dilatation of the blocked vessel by
means of a catheter. Still further, the blocked
vessel may be surgically bypassed with a
vascular graft
 thrombosis (pl. thromboses) – tromboză
infarction - infarctizare; infarct
arrhythmia (syn.) dysrhythmia - aritmie, disritmie
 thrombotic - trombotic
 to clot (syn.) to coagulate - a (se) închega, a (se) coagula
 Atherosclerosis also predisposes to
(sângele)
 clot (syn.) coagulum (pl. coagula) - cheag, coagul
 clotted - coagulat
 clotting – coagulare
 precordial pain (syn.) precordialgia - durere precordială,
precordialgie
 epigastric pain (syn.) epigastric distress (syn.)
epigastralgia - durere în epigastru, durere epigastrică,
epigastralgie
 paleness (syn.) pallor - paloare
 nausea - greaţă, senzaţie de vomă
 nauseant - agent care provoacă greaţa
 nauseant - emetizant, care provoacă greaţa
 to nauseate - a simţi greaţă, a-i fi greaţă
 nauseous - greţos, care provoacă greaţă
 arrhythmic – aritmic
 indigestible (syn.) undigestible - indigest, greu de digerat
 indigestion - indigestie, termen nespecific pentru orice
tulburare gastrointestinală
 acid indigestion - indigestie provocată de hiperclorhidrie
 gastric indigestion (syn.) dyspepsia - indigestie gastrică,
dispepsie
 to fibrillate - a avea fibrilaţii
 fibrillated - fibrilat
 fibrillation – fibrilaţie
thrombosis, the formation of a blood clot
or thrombus in a vessel. Sudden
occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery
by a thrombus causes local necrosis
(death) of tissue and formation of an
infarct. This is the myocardial
infarction or “heart attack” that is a
leading cause of sudden death. Symptoms
include pain over the heart (precordial
pain) or upper part of the abdomen
(epigastric pain) that may extend to the
jaw or arms, pallor (paleness),
diaphoresis, nausea, and dyspnea. There
may be a burning sensation similar to
indigestion or heartburn. Often there is an
abnormality of heart rhythm, or
arrhythmia, usually fibrillation, an
extremely rapid, ineffective beating of the
heart. The outcome is based on the degree
of damage and early treatment to dissolve
the clot and reestablish normal heart
rhythm.
myocardial infarction (MI) (syn.) heart attack - infarct miocardic, atac de
cord
to give off – a degaja, a aemana, a emite
to fatten - a îngrăşa
fattening - îngrăşare
fattening - care îngraşă
fatty - adipos, gras, (depunere) de grăsime;
unsuros, uleios
vessel - vas (de sânge sau limfatic)
cerebral arteries (sin.) arteriae cerebri -
artere cerebrale
leg (syn.) crus (pl. crura) - picior, gambă
leg injury (syn.) leg trauma - traumatism al
gambei
 Myocardial infarction (MI) can be
diagnosed by electrocardiography
(EKG), the study of the electrical
impulses given off by the heart as it
functions, by measurement of certain
enzymes (CPK, LDH, AST) released
into the blood from the damaged
heart muscle, and by a variety of
other methods.
 Atherosclerosis is a major cause of
disease in industrialized countries,
and the factors that contribute to it
are familiar to most people: heredity,
high blood pressure, cigarette
smoking, a diet high in fat, lack of
exercise, and stress. Other vessels
commonly affected are the aorta, the
carotid arteries leading to the head,
the cerebral arteries, and the arteries
in the leg.
 embolism - embolie
embolus (pl. emboli) - embolus, embol
stroke (syn.) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - accident cerebrovascular, accident
vascular cerebral (AVC)
 embolic - embolic
 emboliform - emboliform
 pulmonary embolism (PE) - embolie
pulmonară
 Occlusion of a vessel by a thrombus
 embolitic - embolic
 embolization - embolizare
 thrombus (pl. thrombi) (syn.) blood
clot (syn.) clot of blood - tromb, cheag
de sânge
 lodge - boxă, lojă
 thyroid lodge - lojă tiroidiană
 to lodge – a ocupa o poziţie, a plasa, a
depozita
 stroke - lovitură, izbitură; bătaie,
mişcare ritmică; linie, trăsătură
Embolism
or other mass carried in the
bloodstream is embolism, and the
mass itself is called an embolus.
Usually the mass is a blood clot that
breaks loose from the wall of a
vessel, but it may also be air (as from
injection or trauma), fat (as from
marrow released after a bone break),
bacteria, or other solid materials.
Often a venous thrombus will travel
through the heart and then lodge in
an artery of the lungs, resulting in a
life-threatening pulmonary
embolism. An embolus from a
carotid artery often blocks a cerebral
vessel, causing a stroke.
 aneurysm - anevrism
 dissecting aneurysm - anevrism
disecant
 dissecting aneurysm of the aorta
(syn.) dissecting aortic aneurysm -
anevrism disecant al aortei, disecţie
aortică
 aneurysmal (syn.) aneurysmatic -
anevrismal, anevrismatic
 aneurysmectomy - anevrismectomie
 rupture - ruptură, rupere; hernie
 to rupture – a se rupe, a se perfora, a
produce o hernie
Aneurysm
 An arterial wall weakened by
atherosclerosis or other cause may
balloon out, forming an
aneurysm. If the aneurysm
ruptures, hemorrhage results,
causing a stroke, or
cerebrovascular accident (CVA),
if a cerebral artery is involved. In
a dissecting aneurysm, blood
hemorrhages into the thick middle
layer of the artery wall, separating
the muscle as it spreads and
sometimes rupturing the vessel.
The aorta is most commonly
involved. It may be possible to
repair a dissecting aneurysm
surgically with a graft.
cardiac failure (syn.) heart failure (syn.) cardiac insufficiency - insuficienţă
cardiacă
edema, oedema (syn.) hydrops (termen învechit) - edem, hidrops
cyanosis (syn.) cyanopathy - cianoză
syncope (syn.) faint (syn.) fainting - sincopă, leşin

 failure - insuficienţă, disfuncţie; Heart Failure

slăbire; eşec, insucces
 When the heart fails to empty
 pulmonary edema - edem pulmonar
 CYAN(O) - formă combinatorie cu
sensul de albastru
 cyanotic (syn.) cyanosed - cianotic,
cianozat
 syncopal (syn.) syncopic - sincopal
effectively for any reason, the general
term heart failure is applied. The
resulting increased pressure in the
venous system leads to edema, often in
the lungs (pulmonary edema), and
justifies the description congestive
heart failure (CHF). Other symptoms
are cyanosis, dyspnea, and syncope.
Heart failure is treated with rest, drugs
to strengthen heart contractions,
diuretics to eliminate fluid, and
restriction of salt in the diet.
 hypertension (syn.) high blood pressure - hipertensiune, hipertensiune arterială
 essential hypertension (syn.)
idiopathic hypertension (syn.)
primary hypertension -
hipertensiune idiopatică,
hipertensiune arterială primitivă
 hypertensive - hipertensiv
 diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
(syn.) minimum blood pressure -
presiune arterială diastolică, presiune
arterială minimă
 systolic blood pressure (SBP) (syn.)
maximum blood pressure - presiune
arterială sistolică, presiune arterială
maximă
 malfunction - defect; funcţie
defectuoasă
Hypertension
 Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is
a contributing factor in all the conditions
described above. In simple terms,
hypertension is defined as a systolic
pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or a
diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg.
It causes the left ventricle to enlarge
(hypertrophy) as a result of increased
work. Some cases are secondary to other
disorders, such as kidney malfunction or
endocrine disturbance, but most cases of
hypertension are due to unknown causes
and are described as primary or essential
hypertension. The condition is controlled
with diuretics, vasodilators, and most
recently with drugs.
 Vocabulary practice

1. Match the following terms to their proper definitions: a) atherosclerosis, b)

cyanosis, c) dyspnea, d) edema, e) embolism, f) embolus, g) fibrillation, h)
heart failure, i) hypertension, j) infarction, k) ischemia, l) murmur, m)
phlebitis, n) stenosis, o) stroke, p) syncope, q) thrombosis, r) thrombus.

1. The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing
narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of
arteriosclerosis. (Root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel”).
2. A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel.
3. Inflammation of a vein.
4. Localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery
that supplies the area. A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs in the cardiac muscle and
usually results from formation of a thrombus in a coronary artery.
5. Swelling of body tissues due to the presence of excess fluid. Causes include
cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition.
6. Local deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction of the circulation.
7. Constriction or narrowing of an opening.
8. Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
9. Development of a blood clot within a vessel.
 Vocabulary practice

10. A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate

circulation of blood.
11. Difficult or labored breathing.
12. A temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brain;
fainting.
13. Spontaneous, quivering and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in
the atria or the ventricles.
14. An abnormal heart sound.
15. Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes
include atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured
aneurysm. Also called cerebrovascular accident. (CVA)
16. Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the
circulation.
17. A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but may also by air,
fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body.
18. A condition of higher than normal blood pressure.
Vocabulary practice

2. Match the terms in each of theses sets with their definitions and write
the appropriate letter (a-e) to the left of each number.

1. endocardium a. heart’s pacemaker

2. mitral b. thin membrane that lines the heart
3. pericardium c. pertaining to the left atrioventricular valve
4. SA node d. vessel that empties into the right atrium
5. vena cava e. fibrous sac around the heart

6. thrombosis a. local blood deficiency

7. dysrhythmia b. formation of a blood clot in a vessel
8. cardioversion c. abnormal heartbeat
9. aneurysm d. defibrillation
10. ischemia e. localized dilatation of a blood vessel
 Vocabulary practice

11. fibrillation a. twisted and swollen vessel

12. heart block b. part of the heart’s conduction system
13. atheriosclerosis c. accumulation of fatty material in the vessels
14. varix d. ineffective quivering of muscle
15. Purkinje fibers e. interruption in the heart conduction system

16. embolism a. central opening, as of a vessel

17. ductus arteriosus b. area over the heart
18. lumen c. blockage of a vessel with a clot or plug
19. infarct d. vessel that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
20. precordium e. area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply