The Cardiovascular System

Part 2

The Faculty of Medicine – First year

Seminar 18 - Week 16-20 March
 atrioventricular (AV) groove (syn.) atrioventricular (AV) sulcus (syn.) coronary sulcus (syn.) sulcus coronarius
- şanţ atrioventricular, şanţ coronar
⚪ cardiac veins (syn.) venae cordis (syn.)
veins of heart - venele inimii, vene
cardiace
⚪ groove - şanţ; înfundare; canelură
⚪ sinus (pl. sinus, sinuses) - sinus
coronary sinus (syn.) sinus coronarius
- sinus coronar
⚪ left anterior descending artery (syn.)
anterior interventricular artery - artera
interventriculară anterioară
⚪ posterior interventricular artery (syn.)
posterior descending coronary artery -
artera interventriculară posterioară
⚪ cardiac veins (syn.) venae cordis (syn.)
veins of heart - venele inimii, vene
cardiace _Cernobil_wxy_6981_
Cardiac Circulation
⚪ Although the heart chambers are bathed
with blood almost continuously, the blood
contained in the heart does not nourish the
myocardium. The blood supply that
oxygenates and nourishes the heart is
provided by the right and left coronary
arteries. The coronary arteries branch
from the base of the aorta and encircle the
heart in the atrioventricular groove at the
junction of the atria and ventricles. The
coronary arteries and their major branches
(the anterior interventricular and circumflex
arteries on the left, and the posterior
interventricular and marginal arteries on the
right) are compressed when the ventricles
are contracting and fill when the heart is
relaxed. The myocardium is drained by
several cardiac veins, which empty into the
coronary sinus, which in turn empties into
the right atrium.
angina pectoris (syn.) breast pang (syn.) heart stroke - angină pectorală
infarction - infarctizare; infarct
myocardial infarction (MI) (syn.) heart attack - infarct miocardic, atac de cord
⚪ rate - rată, proporţie, procentaj; viteză,
rapiditate, debit; intensitate; coeficient
⚪ sedimentation rate - viteză de sedimentare
⚪ inadequate - inadecvat, neadecvat,
neconcordant, nepotrivit
⚪ to shorten – a simplifica, a reduce, a
micşora; a prescurta
⚪ shortage - lipsă; deficit, penurie
⚪ shortness - scurtime, scurtare; dificultăţi
⚪ to warn - a preveni, a avertiza, a pune în
gardă
⚪ warning - înştiinţare; prevenire, avertizare,
avertisment
⚪ health warning - avertisment privind
riscul de îmbolnăvire a populaţiei
⚪ warning - de prevenire, de avertizare, de
atenţie
⚪ When the heart beats at a very rapid
rate, the myocardium may receive an
inadequate blood supply because the
relaxation periods (when the blood is
able to flow to the heart tissue) are
shortened. Situations in which the
myocardium is deprived of oxygen
often result in crushing chest pain
called angina pectoris. This pain is a
warning that should never be ignored
because, if angina is prolonged, the
ischemic heart cells may die, forming
an infarct. The resulting myocardial
infarction is commonly called a “heart
attack” or “coronary”.
round - vizită; rond, tură
ebb – reflux
to concur (with) – a fi de acord cu
finding - descoperire, dezvăluire, revelaţie
findings - constatări
In 1628, the English
physician William Harvey (1578–
1657)
published his pioneering work On
the Motion of the Heart and
Blood in Animals. Not only did
this brilliant research establish
proof of the continuous circulation
of blood within contained
vessels, it also provided a classic
example of the scientific
method of investigation. Like
Vesalius, Harvey was
severely criticized for his departure
from Galenic philosophy. The
controversy over circulation of the
blood raged for 20 years, until
other anatomists finally repeated
Harvey’s experiments and
concurred with his findings.
Blood vessels
⚪ Blood circulates inside the blood
vessels, which form a closed transport
system. The idea that blood circulates
or “makes rounds” through the body
is only about 300 years old. The
ancient Greeks believed that blood
moved through the body like an
ocean tide, first moving out from the
heart and then ebbing back to it in the
same vessels to get rid of its
impurities in the lungs. It was not
until the seventeenth century that
William Harvey, an English
physician, proved that blood did, in
fact, move in circles.
 arteriole (syn.) arteriola (pl. arteriolae) - arteriolă
veinlet (syn.) venule (syn.) venula (pl. venulae) - venulă
⚪ bed - pat; strat
⚪ capillary bed - pat capilar
⚪ drain - dren, tub de dren
⚪ chest drain - dren toracic
⚪ to drain - a drena, a evacua, a vida,
a elimina fluidul dintr-o cavitate
⚪ to drain an abscess - a drena un
abces
⚪ drainage - drenaj, drenare
⚪ to extend - a întinde, a prelungi, a
lungi; a extinde
⚪ extended - extins, întins, prelungit;
prelung, larg
⚪ extensibility - extensibilitate, putere
de întindere
⚪ extension - extensie, deflectare,
extensiune; amploare, volum
⚪ to intertwine - a se împleti, a se
răsuci
⚪ Like a system of roads, the circulatory system
has its freeways, secondary roads, and alleys.
As the heart beats, blood is propelled into the
large arteries leaving the heart. It then moves
into successively smaller and smaller arteries
and then into the arterioles, which feed the
capillary beds in the tissues. Capillary beds
are drained by venules, which in turn empty
into veins that finally empty into the great
veins entering the heart. Thus arteries, which
carry blood away from the heart, and veins,
which drain the tissues and return the blood to
the heart, are simply conducting vessels - the
freeways and secondary roads. Only the tiny
hairlike capillaries, which extend and branch
through the tissues and connect the smallest
arteries (arterioles) to the smallest veins
(venules), directly serve the needs of the body
cells. The capillaries are the alleys that
intimately intertwine among the body cells. It
is only through their walls that exchanges
between the tissue cells and the blood can
occur.
 tunica (pl. tunicae) (syn.) tunic - tunică, înveliş, căptuşeală, membrană
lumen (pl. lumina, lumens) - lumen
luminal (syn.) luminalis - luminal
⚪ tunica intima vasorum (syn.)
intima - intima
⚪ tunica media (syn.) media - tunica
medie, medie
⚪ tunica externa (syn.) extima - tunică
externă
⚪ fluctuant - fluctuant, oscilant
⚪ to fluctuate - a fluctua, a oscila, a
varia; a se ondula
⚪ fluctuation - fluctuaţie, oscilaţie,
variaţie, schimbare
⚪ recoil - recul, ricoşare
⚪ to recoil - a ricoşa, a sări înapoi
⚪ exertion - efort, străduinţă; efort
fizic
⚪ gradient - gradient; pantă
⚪ systole - sistolă
⚪ systolic - sistolic
⚪ diastole - diastolă
⚪ diastolic - diastolic
⚪ Except for capillaries, blood vessels are
composed of three tunics: the tunica intima
forms a friction-reducing lining for the
vessel; the tunica media is the bulky middle
layer of muscle and elastic tissue; the tunica
externa is the protective, outermost
connective tissue layer. Capillary walls are
formed of the intima only.
⚪ Artery walls are thick and strong to withstand
pressure fluctuations. They expand and recoil
as the heart beats. Vein walls are thinner, their
lumina are larger, and they are equipped with
valves. These modifications reflect the low
pressure nature of veins.
⚪ Blood pressure is the pressure that blood
exerts on the walls of the blood vessels. It is
the force that causes blood to continue to
flow in the blood vessels. It is high in the
arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in
the veins. Blood is forced along a descending
pressure gradient. Both systolic and diastolic
pressures are recorded.
 Vocabulary practice

1. Match the word parts with the meanings below:

2. atri(o) a. heart muscle

3. endocardi(o) b. cord (used to describe the “heartstrings”)
4. pericardi(o) c. point
5. ventricul(o) d. structure that allows blood to flow through in one direction
6. aort(o) e. top chamber of heart
7. myocardi(o) f. little ear (structure on atrium)
8. lun(o) g. inner lining of the heart
9. valv(o), valvul(o) h. pointed extremity
10. apic(o) i. largest artery in the body
11. sept(o) j. moon
12. auricul(o) k. little beam (used to describe fleshy tissue in ventricles)
13. trabecul(o) l. lower chamber of the heart
14. chord(o) m. wall, between chambers
15. cusp(o) n. sac surrounding the heart
16. papill(o) o. nipplelike structure (supports chordae tendineae)
17. precordi(o) p. in front of the heart
18. epicardi(o) q. structure on top of the heart
19. coron(o) r. heart, crown
 Vocabulary practice

2. Fill in the blanks:

1. The word cardiogenic means originating in the __________________________.
2. Interatrial means between the ___________________________.
3. The word ventriculotomy means surgical incision of a(n) _______________________.
4. A valvuloplasty is plastic repair of a(n) ______________________________.
5. Vasospasm means sudden contraction of a(n) ______________________________.
6. Endarterectomy is removal of the inner lining of a(n)____________________________.
7. Angioedema is localized swelling caused by changes in__________________________.
8. Aortosclerosis is hardening of the ___________________________.
9. The term microvascular means pertaining to small____________________________.
10. Arteriolitis is inflammation of an ______________________________.
11. Lymphedema means swelling caused by obstruction of the flow of _________________.
12. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of a(n) ______________________________.
13. A lymphangiogram is an x-ray image (radiograph) of _______________________.
14. The adjective splenic means pertaining to the ______________________________.
15. Thymectomy is surgical removal of the _______________________________.
 Vocabulary practice
3. Write the adjective for each of the following definitions. The proper suffix is given
for each.
1. Pertaining to the heart (-ac) __________________________________
2. Pertaining to the myocardium (-al) _________________________________
3. Pertaining to an atrium (-al) __________________________________
4. Pertaining to the pericardium (-al) __________________________________
5. Pertaining to a ventricle (-ar) _________________________________
6. Pertaining to a valve (-ar) __________________________________

4. True-False. Examine each of the following statements. If the statement is true, write
T in the first blank. If the statement is false, write F in the first blank and correct
the statement by replacing the underlined word in the second blank.

1. The systemic circuit pumps blood to the lungs. _____ _______________________

2. An artery is a vessel that carries blood back to the heart. _____ ________________
3. Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle. _____ _____________________
4. The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. _____ _________________________
5. The brachial artery supplies blood to the leg. _____ _________________________
6. The bicuspid valve is also called the mitral valve. _____ _____________________
7. Bradycardia is a lower than average heart rate. _____________________________
 Vocabulary practice

5. Define each of the following terms:

1. interatrial __________________________________
2. avascular __________________________________
3. atriotomy __________________________________
4. angiostenosis __________________________________
5. thymectomy __________________________________

6. Word building. Write a word for each of the following definitions:

1. Physician who specializes in study and treatment of the heart ____________________

2. Suture (-rrhaphy) of an artery __________________________
3. Radiographic study of the ventricles ___________________________
4. Stoppage (-stasis) of lymph flow ___________________________
5. An instrument (-tome) for incising a valve _____________________
6. Incision of a lymph node __________________________
7. Surgical fixation (-pexy) of the spleen _____________________________
 Vocabulary practice
7. Word building. Use the root aort/o to write a word with each of the following meanings:
1. Radiograph (-gram) of the aorta __________________________
2. Before or in front of (pre-) the aorta __________________________
3. Narrowing (-stenosis) of the aorta __________________________
4. Any disease (-pathy) of the aorta __________________________
5. Downward displacement (-ptosis) of the aorta __________________________

8. Write the meaning of the following abbreviations as they apply to the cardiovascular
system:
1. BBB __________________________________
2. PCTA __________________________________
3. LVH __________________________________
4. BP __________________________________
5. NSR __________________________________
6. CVI __________________________________