LENGTH OF FAULTS AND

EXTENDED OF EARTH
MOVEMENT

ANGELICA BONUS
ENGR. JENILYN AQUINO
 Parts of the Fault
 Fault plane: Surface that the movement has taken place
within the fault. On this surface the dip and the strike is
measured
 Hanging wall: The rocks mass resting the fault plane
 Footwall: The rocks mass beneath the fault plane
 Slip: Describe the movement parallel to the fault plane
 Dip slip: Describe the up and down movement parallel to
the dip direction of the fault
 Strike slip dip: Applies where movement is parallel to
strike of the fault plane
 Types of Faults
 Oblique Faults: are fault on which two
directions of displacement occur. It is
combination of dip-slip and strike-slip
fault.
 Rift valley: is when two normal faults
occur parallel to each other and the land
sinks between the faults.
 Horst Fault: is a opposite of a rift
valley.
 Types of Faults
 Trust fault: type of reverse faults in which
the hanging wall has moved up with respect
of footwall and the fault dip at the angle of
below 45degrees
 Parallel fault: a fault with the fault plane is
vertical and either of the walls has moved
upwards of downwards
 Step Fault: is a type of parallel where down
throw is all the same direction a it gives a
step like arrangement
 Monitoring Instruments
 A creepmeter: measures fault slip by recording the displacement between 2 piers or monuments
located on opposite sides of the fault, spaced 30 meters apart. Typically, an invar wire (or a
graphic rod) is anchored to one pier and is stretched across the fault. Its displacement relative to
the second pier is measured electronically and checked periodically with a mechanical
measurement. Using the angle of the wire from the strike of the fault, the change in distance
between the two piers is directly proportionally to fault slip.
 Monitoring Instruments
 Strainmeters: for continuous crustal strain monitoring are highly sensitive instruments with
precision of less than 1 part per billion (i.e. less than 1 inch in 16,000 miles). They are usually
installed in boreholes where surface noise is greatly reduced. These instruments monitor the
change in crustal strain near active faults and volcanoes associated with fault slip, earthquakes,
and volcanic activity
 Monitoring Instruments
 Tiltmeters: are highly sensitive
instruments used to measure ground tilt
(rotation) near faults and volcanoes caused
by fault slip and volcanic uplift. The
precision to which tilt can be measured is
less than 1 part per billion (i.e. less than 1
inch in 16,000 miles). For crustal
monitoring applications, these instruments
are mostly installed in boreholes to avoid
spurious ground tilts produced by
differential thermal expansion in near-
surface materials, rainfall and pumping
effects.
Fault Line
 Earth
 It is about 6,400 km from the Earth’s surface to its center. For convenience, the distances
below are expressed as a percentage of this figure, as well as given directly. Evidence
from earthquakes, volcanoes and igneous rocks (which sometimes contain fragments of
what is thought to be upper mantle material) suggest that the Earth is made up of four
principal layers.

 The crust, which is solid, can be as thin as 6km in some oceanic areas and generally
around 35 km (about 0.5%) thick in continental areas.
 Earth
 The mantle is made of rock material that is more dense than the crust, is around 2900 km
(0.5% - 46%) thick and is predominantly solid although localized melting can occur
because of high pressures.

 The outer core extends from 2,900-5,150 km (46% - 81%) below the surface. It is liquid
and made predominantly of iron, a very much denser material than the rock materials in
the mantle and crust, with small amounts of other elements. The Earth's magnetic field is
a result of convection currents in this outer iron core.

 The dense inner core extends from 5,150-6,370 km (the remaining 19%) below the
Earth's surface. It is solid and made of almost pure iron.
 Earth
 Size and Distance
 With a radius of 3,959 miles (6,371 kilometers), Earth is the biggest of the terrestrial
planets, and the fifth largest planet overall.
 From an average distance of 93 million miles (150 million kilometers), Earth is
exactly one astronomical unit away from the Sun because one astronomical unit
(abbreviated as AU), is the distance from the Sun to Earth. This unit provides an easy
way to quickly compare planets' distances from the Sun.
 It takes about eight minutes for light from the Sun to reach our planet.
 Earth
 Orbit and Rotation
 As Earth orbits the Sun, it completes one rotation every 23.9 hours. It takes 365.25
days to complete one trip around the Sun. That extra quarter of a day presents a
challenge to our calendar system, which counts one year as 365 days. To keep our
yearly calendars consistent with our orbit around the Sun, every four years we add
one day. That day is called a leap day, and the year it's added to is called a leap year.