GLYCOLYSIS

• Glycolysis is a series of reactions that

extract energy from glucose by splitting
it into two three-carbon molecules called
pyruvates.

- ATPs are formed in this conversion

-10 enzymatic reaction

 TWO PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS

1. INVESTMENT PHASE (STEP 1 – 5)

2. PAY OFF PHASE (STEP 6 – 10)

STEP 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose

The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates —

adds a phosphate group to — glucose in the cell's
cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group
from ATP is transferred to glucose producing
glucose 6-phosphate.
STEP 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose

-1 ATP H+ + ADP

Hexokinase

Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate
STEP 2: Isomerization of Glucose-6-
Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate

The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts

glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-
phosphate. Isomers have the same molecular
formula, but the atoms of each molecule are
arranged differently.
STEP 2: Isomerization of Glucose-6-
Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate

phosphoglucoisomerase

Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate

STEP 3: Phosphorylation of Fructose-6-P
to Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate

The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another

ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to
fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-
bisphosphate.
STEP 3: Phosphorylation of F-6-P to
Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate

-1 ATP H+ + ADP

phosphofructokinase

Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate

STEP 4: Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-
Biphosphate

The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-

bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of
each other. These two sugars are
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate.
STEP 4: Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-
Biphosphate

aldolase
+
Glyceraldehyde 3-
Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate phosphate Dihydroxyacetone
(GADP) phosphate (DHAP)
STEP 5: Interconversion of the Triose
Phosphates

The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase

rapidly inter-converts the molecules
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP).
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is removed as soon
as it is formed to be used in the next step of
glycolysis.
STEP 5: Interconversion of the Triose
Phosphates

triose phosphate
isomerase

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

(DHAP) (GADP)
GLYCOLYSIS

We are here
 TWO PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS

1. INVESTMENT PHASE (STEP 1 – 5)

2. PAY OFF PHASE (STEP 6 – 10)

STEP 6: Oxidative phosphorylation of
GAP to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

The enzyme triose phosphate

dehydrogenase serves two functions in this
step. First, the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-)
from glyceraldehyde phosphate (GADP) to the
oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH.
STEP 6: Oxidative phosphorylation of
GADP to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Next, triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a

phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized
glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-
bisphosphoglycerate.

This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate produced in step 5.
STEP 6: Oxidative phosphorylation of
GADP to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

NAD+ + pi NADH + H+

triose phosphate
dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate

STEP 7: Conversion of 1,3-
Biphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate

The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a

P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of
ADP to form ATP. This happens for each molecule
of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The process yields
two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules and two ATP
molecules.
STEP 7: Conversion of 1,3-
Biphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate

ADP ATP

phosphoglycerokinase

1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate
STEP 8: Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate
to 2-Phosphoglycerate

The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates

the P from 3-phosphoglycerate from the third
carbon to the second carbon to form 2-
phosphoglycerate.
STEP 8: Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate
to 2-Phosphoglycerate

phosphoglyceromutase

2-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
STEP 9: Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate
to Phosphoenolpyruvate

The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of

water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for
each molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate.
STEP 9: Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate
to Phosphoenolpyruvate

H20

enolase

2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
STEP 10: Conversion of Phosphoenol
Pyruvate to Pyruvate

The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form
pyruvate and ATP. This happens for each molecule
of phosphoenolpyruvate. This reaction yields two
molecules of pyruvate and two ATP molecules.
STEP 10: Conversion of Phosphoenol
Pyruvate to Pyruvate

ADP + H+ ATP

pyruvate kinase

Pyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
SUMMARY

• Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks

down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular
respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the
citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

• Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down

glucose, amino acids and fatty acids and is the main way
the body generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which
supplies energy to the muscles.
SUMMARY

• Glycolysis is the process of breaking down

glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It
produces ATP and is the first stage of cellular
respiration. . It enters cells through specific
transporter proteins that move it from outside
the cell into the cell’s cytosol. All of the
glycolytic enzymes are found in the cytosol.
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