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Water Treatment: Muhammad Farhan Arooj
Water Treatment: Muhammad Farhan Arooj
Module: 6
Screening Filtration
sludge sludge
Alum
Coagulation Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers
Flocculation Storage
Sedimentation Distribution
sludge
SCREENING
0.1mm
Vol = 1×10-6 cm3 S.A = 6×10-4 cm2 S.A/Vol = 600
2. (S.A)Surface charge
COAGULATION
(1) Coagulation
Destabilize the particle by neutralizing the –ve
charge
(2) Flocculation
Use some technique to increase particle size
so that settlement under gravity can take place.
Coagulant pH range Common use
For water
Destabilization in Flocculation
rapid mix unit
VELOCITY GRADIENT “G”
C d V 3 A
P
2
Where
Cd = Drag co-efficient 1.8 to 1.5 for paddles.
A = Total area of paddles, m2
ρ = Mass density of fluid, Kg/m3
V = Relative velocity or velocity differential of paddles in water,
usually about 0.7 – 0.75 – 0.8 of paddle tip speed, m/sec
Velocity = 2πrn (r = distance of centre line of the shaft from
paddle; n = revolution of paddle/second)
DESIGN OF FLOCCULATORS:
G= g H
td
Where
ν = kinematic viscosity, m2/sec
td = detention time in the flocculator, sec
H = Head losses in flocculator, m
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/sec 2
Problem No. 1:
• Check the pH
• Add Flocculant
gd gd s s gd s 1
2 2 2
V
S f
S f p
d g p w
Increase g (centrifuge)
2
Vt
Increase density difference
(dissolved air flotation)
18
Decrease viscosity (increase
temperature)
SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES
Settling zone
Outlet zone
Influent with Clarified effluent
Inlet zone
suspended load
Sludge zone
Sludge out
Inlet zone
• The inlet or influent zone should provide a smooth transition from
the influent flow and should distribute the flow uniformly across the
inlet to the tank.
• The normal design includes baffles that gently spread the flow across
the total inlet of the tank and prevent short circuiting in the tank.
• The baffle could include a wall across the inlet, perforated with holes
across the width of the tank.
SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES
Settling Zone
• The settling zone is the largest portion of the
sedimentation basin.
• This zone provides the calm area necessary for the
suspended particles to settle.
Sludge Zone
• The sludge zone, located at the bottom of the tank,
provides a storage area for the sludge before it is
removed for additional treatment or disposal.
SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES
Outlet Zone
• The basin outlet zone should provide a smooth transition
from the sedimentation zone to the outlet from the tank.
• This area of the tank also controls the depth of water in the
basin.
• Weirs set at the end of the tank control the overflow rate and
prevent the solids from rising to the weirs and leaving the
tank before they settle out.
Detention time
Theoretical time for which particle will stay in sedimentation tank
td=volume of tank/inflow rate=V/Q
Specified on basis of average flow rate
Actual time =flow through time
Ideal settling tank characteristics
1. Flow direction horizontal
2. Flow velocity uniform in all parts of settling zone
3. Particle is removed as it touches bottom of settling zone
Dia 30m(max)
Depth 3-5m
Bottom slope 8%(hopper bottom + scrapers)
RECTANGULAR BASINS
Circular Clarifiers
Peripheral Feed
Clarifier