INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

GATEWAY TO PROTECTION
AND METERING SCHEME

P.K.PATTANAIK
Electrical Concepts and Theories
Skeleton Chart
 Instrument Transformers
 Instrument Transformers
– Current Transformers (CT)
– Voltage Transformers, Potential Transformer
(VT, PT)

 VT/PTs are again of two types

– Magnetic/ Inductive Voltage Transformers
(MVT/IVT)
– Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT)
Field Instrument Transformers
AIS Sub-station

(Line Bay) (Line switches)

(Bus bar)
(Circuit breakers)
CT
Classification of CT
On the basis of winding
(Wound type)
(Bar type)
Bushing type
Ring type

On the basis of application

Measuring current transformer
Protection current transformer
Protection current transformer ( Special Purpose)
Single ratio multiple core transformer
Multiple ratio, multiple curent transformer

On the basis of insulation used

Air support
Dry type
Oil insulated
SF6 filled
 General Description of Outdoor
Current Transformers

 Outdoor CTs are basically of 3 types of

 Dead Tank with U (Hair Pin) shaped

 Dead Tank with Eye Bolt primary

 Live Tank or Inverted primary CT

Different types of CT
Different types of CT (Contd..)
Live Tank CT
Live Tank CT Contd…
1. Top cover
2. Oil level indicator
3. Oil expansion device
4. Metal box LV screen and
cores
5. Bar-type or wound type
primary
6. Paper-oil insulation
7. Porcelain insulator
8. LV screens
9. Secondary terminal box
10. Base
Dead Tank CT Hair Dead Tank CT U
Pin Shape
Dead Tank CT Eye Bolt Shape
1. Oil filling plug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling
valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores

Eye bolt design

Magnetic Voltage Transformer
 Oil expansion device

Capacitor elements

Capacitor column

Insulating oil

Insulator flange

Secondary terminal box

Inductance

MV Transformer

Damping circuit
Combined CT and PT unit
Optic Fiber CT
Current Transformer Principle

Current sensor

I2

I1
Voltage Transformer Principle
Voltage sensor

Magnetic circuit (core)

Primary
Windings Secondary
Windings

U1 U2
CVT Principle
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Definitions

Element
ElementPack
Pack
(or
(orpack)
pack)

Pile of elements : ± 10 to 25 kV
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Definitions
 HV Power line

Capacitor
CapacitorUnit
Unit
(or
(orunit)
unit)

Assembly of elements in an
insulating container: ± 245 kV.
Can be connected to a HV line

Ground
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Definitions
 HV Power line

Capacitor
CapacitorSTACK
STACK
(or
(orstack)
stack)

Assembly of elements to reach

higher voltage levels : ± 800 kV

In general, the term

CAPACITOR
stands for a capacitor element
as well as a capacitor stack.

Ground
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Definitions
 HV Power line

Capacitor
CapacitorVoltage
VoltageDivider
Divider
((or
orCVT
CVT))

Connecting an MV inductive
voltage transformer to a tap.

Ground
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Basics

P1 Intermediate
Voltage :
C1
10 to 20 kV/3

S1

C2

P2 S2
Capacitor Voltage Transformer Damping Circuit

Primary
PrimaryShort
ShortCircuit
Circuit&&Transient
TransientResponse
Response

Vi Secondary error Primary voltage

IEC today :
max 10% after 20ms
10% t

5% Short-circuit at zero crossing

Vs Secondary voltage t

0 100 200 300 [ms]

t
IEC 186 20 ms
error limits
Necessary
Necessarytotoadd
addaadamping
dampingcircuit
circuit
Primary
PrimaryShort
ShortCircuit
Circuit&&Transient
TransientResponse
Response

How to solve transient problems :

R R-L-C R-L-R

•• High
High •• Efficient •• Efficient
burden Efficient Efficient
burden •• Easy to design •• Sophisticated design
•• jeopardize Easy to design Sophisticated design
jeopardize
accuracy
accuracy •• Expensive
Expensive •• Economical
Economical
Capacitor Voltage TransformerPLC system
Line trap
HV line

C1

P2
C2

Inductive
Part

Draining coil and grounding

HF switchcould already be
included in HF generator.
 CT Ratio Connection Principle
 Ratio by primary control
P1
Connection Sequence Current
C2
Prim Seco Ratio
C4
C1
(C1 + C2), S1 – S2 Lowest
C3 C6 (C3 + C4) (CTR1 )
(C5 + C6)
C5
(P1 + C1), S1 – S2 Middle
(C2 + C3+C4 + (2 CTR1
P1 C5)
(P2 + C6)
(P1 +C1 + C3+ C5) S1 – S2 Highest
S1 S2 (P2 +C2 + C4+ C6) (4CTR1
CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..
Ratio by Secondary control
CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..
Ratio by Both control
Mathematical Analysis for CTR
CTR due to Primary Link Control
Mathematical Analysis for CTR Contd..
CTR due to Secondary Link Control
Terms and Definitions used in CT
 Current ratio error:- It is the ratio of difference of
transformation ratio to the actual ratio in CT

 Phase angle error:- The angular displacement between

Secondary current and primary current

 Composite error :- The current in the circuit contains

harmonic waves, for which the error due to different
wave forms becomes composite.

 Accuracy Limiting Factor:- It is the factor of over current

above the rated current which determines the capability of CT
to maintain the error at such a condition.
Meaning 0f 5P10:- indicates that the 5% composite error in CT
is limited up to 10 times the primary current flown in the CT.
Terms and Definitions used in CT
ISF (Instrument Safety Factor) :- limit of allowable
primary current to flow in it up to which the instrument
can work safely.

Minimum Knee Point Voltage (Vk)

It is the point over and above which, increase of 10% in
excitation voltage causes increment of exciting current
of 50%

Maximum Excitation Current (Imag):- The current

required to identify the knee point voltage

Rated Burden: -The loads connected on the CT

secondary circuit are called as Burden.
Application of Instrument Transformers
 DC -

SECONDARY
DC +
PROTECTION
Application of CT connection
( Protection Circuit) Contd…
Application of CT connection
( Protection Circuit)
Differential Relay REF Circuit
 Case Study on CT Circuit
Case Study No 1:- Tripping of one 132 KV feeder on E/F relay was
observed at a 220/132 KV Grid Sub-station, during peak load
condition for the rise of load current above a particular load.
 Case Study on CT Circuit Contd..
Case Study No 1 Contd.. Vector Digram
 Case Study on CT Circuit Contd..
 Case Study No. 3
Situation/problem:- One 33 KV feeder was tripping on E/F relay frequently
for the load Current more than approximately 45 Amp. Line CTR = 200/1,
Setting of E/F PSM= 0.1
Fault Finding Study Of CT Circuit
Fault Finding Study Of CT Circuit Contd..
 Case Study on PT Circuit
 In one of the 220/132 KV grid substation it was found with certain voltage
across the open delta point of secondary core, during regular energization of
three phase system.
 Case Study on PT Circuit Contd..
In one of the 220/132 KV grid substation abnormal tripping was
observed from the distance protection relay.
Fault Finding Study Of PT Circuitry
Fault Study Of PT Circuitry Contd..
CVT Name Plate and meaning of terms
CT FAILURES
CT FAILURES
Violent failure due to arcing
CT under Flames
Reasons of CT Failures
 Moisture entry into solid insulation
 Wrinkles in aluminium grading
 Opening of secondary winding
 Opening of tan delta point
 Dielectric failure due to pre-mature
ageing
 Other dielectric failures due to improper
wrapping of paper, improper flux
distribution etc.
CVT Failures
EMU Tank Transformer winding shorted
Failure of Bellow
Rusting of Coupling bolt and
moisture entry
Reasons for Failure of CVTs
 WRINKLES ON ALUMINUM FOIL
 POOR SOLDERING QUALITY
 POOR QUALITY OF PAPER (LOCAL
SOURCE)
 PINHOLES IN BELLOWS
 SNAPPING OF BELLOW CONNECTION
 OVERHEATING OF DAMPING RESISTOR
 SHORTING OF TRANSFORMER CORES
 FAILURES OF FR CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
 RUSTING OF COUPLING BOLTS (BETWEEN
FLANGE AND EMU TANK)
 RUSTING OF FLANGE
Reasons for Failure of CVTs …
 LOOSENESS OF CORE BOLTS

 SNAPPING OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY

WINDING AND COMPENSATING REACTOR

 FAILURE OF VARISTORS PROVIDED IN

SECONDARY

 ENTRY OF MOISTURE IN CAPACITOR STACKS

 MOISTURE ENTRY DUE TO POOR GASKET

QUALITY
Important Questions on CT
 Why CT Secondary star point should be earthed?
 Why star in CT circuits to be earthed at one point?
 Why star point to be earthed near CT console.
 What happens if metering core is inter-changed to the
protection.?
 What happens to the CT Ratio for the case of
saturation of CT core?
 Why CT fails for opening of secondary circuit?
 Why it is preferred to have the CT Ratio availability
by the connection control on both primary and
secondary?
 Why it becomes now-a days to have twin core
secondary cable connection to the terminals instead of
single core cable above 500m meters of secondary
connection?
Contd..
 Why (Top Tank Primary Design CT) is preferred to
old type Hairpin CT?
 Why combined CT&PT design is preferable now
days?
 Can the SF6 filled CTs be realized in practice?
 What happens if AC voltage would be injected on
secondary side of the CT being in service?
 Can a 132KV CT be used for 33KV System or vice-
versa?
 What are the reasons for which CT gets saturated?
 For Delta connection of CT Circuitry what is the
meaning of “D1” and “D11” connection
Important Questions on PT/CVT
 Q1:- Why CVT becomes economical for the voltage range above 66
KV class?
 Q2:- Why Intermediate Inductor (Choke) is used in CVT?
 Q3:- How the value of Intermediate Inductance is designed?
 Q4:- Why CVT is preferable to VT now-a-days?
 Q-5. What is Ferro-resonance? Explain the circuit configuration for
which this effect is prominent.
 Q-6 which method of monitoring practice is preferable for CVT?
 Q-7 Why the capacitance in the bottom unit is chosen more as
compared to the top unit?
 Q8:- Explain the behaviour of CVT for the compensated
Transmission line.
 Q9:- What is polymer housing Insulation as compared to porcelain
unit Insulation?
 Q10. Explain the circuitry for the protection scheme of a Distance
Protection Relay and directional E/F relay from a particular CVT
secondary core?
 CONCLUSION

Current and Potential Transformers

are the sensors for electrical system
and play the most vital role for
protection and measurement
principle.