Socialization

  Man is not only social but also cultural. It is the culture

that provides    opportunities for man to develop the
personality. Development of personality is not an
automatic process. Every society prescribes its own ways
and means of giving social training to its new born
member so that they may develop their own personality.
This social training is called socialization.
 Defination
• W.F.Ogburn: “Socialization is the process by
which the individual learns to conform to the
norms of the group.”
 Contue….
• Bogardus:  “Socialization is the process of
working together, of developing group
responsibility, or being guided by the welfare
needs of others.”
 Types of socialization:

    Primary socialization:
This is the most essential and basic type of
socialization. It takes place in the early years of
life of the new born individual. It concentrates
on the teaching of language and cognitive
skills, the interaction of culture, norms and
values, establishment of emotional ties and
the appreciation of other roles and
perspectives.
 Development socialization:
    This kind of learning is based on the
achievements of primary socialization. “It
builds on already acquired skills and
knowledge as the adult progress through new
situations such as marriage or new jobs. These
new expectations, obligations, and roles. New
learning is added to and blended with old in a
relatively smooth and continuous process of
development”
 Anticipatory socialization:
• Men not only learn the culture of the group of
which they are immediate members. They may
also learn the culture of groups to which they do
not belong. A person who intends to join the army
may start doing physical exercises to toughen his
body and learning the manners of
army. Socialization is not a process that takes place
merely in early childhood. On the other hand, it
takes at different times and places throughout life.
  Re socialization
 It is not only do individuals change roles within
groups, but they also change membership –
groups. It may also happen in periods of rapid
social mobility. In this instance the social role
of the individual got changed radically. 
 Positive socialization
• positive socialization is the social learning that
is best on pleasure existing experience.
 Negative socialization
• negative socialization occurred when others
use punishment.
 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
 

• There are a number of things that can affect

an individual’s socialization process.  The
amount of impact that each of the agents has
on an individual will depend on the situation,
the individuals experiences, and the stage of
life the individual is in.
  Family

• First emotional tie 

• Greatest impact on socialization process 
• First place to learn language, norms, and
values of the culture
May be problematic
• Parents/Guardians may reproduce negative
modeling that they experienced as a child
 Schools

•   Opens the door to a new social world

• Provides importance that society places on gender and
race
•  Provides information to individuals understand
themselves and others
• Provides skills to function as a citizen and a worker
      Exposure to inequality
•  First experience of economics and social status
•  Reduces opportunities for control and makes children
feel less competent
  Peers

• Influential from late childhood through

adolescence and early adulthood
•  Learn how to form relationships without adult
supervision
•  May encourage good and bad interests
•  May guide short term choices
• Change behaviour and personality to be
accepted by peers
  Mass Media

• Represents impersonal communication directed at a certain

audience
•  Major type of secondary socialization
•  Influences people’s behaviour through modeling and
imitation

•  The mass media can create and influence/control

perceptions of what is important in society selecting   and
stressing particular topics, views, interpretations, and
themes. 
• Advertising secretly manipulates the audience