SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF N-DOPING ZINC OXIDE

THERMOELECTRIC CERAMICS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ENERGY

CONVERSION APPLICATIONS

Suraya Binti Sulaiman

(PKM163026)

Supervisor: Prof. Dr Izman Bin Sudin

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Uday M. Basheer
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
• Introduction • Literature Review
• Background • Thermoelectric Effect
• Problem Statements • Thermoelectric Performance
• Research Questions • Thermoelectric Properties
• Objectives
• Research Scopes
• Significant of Research

CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4
• Research Methodology • Expected Results
• Research Flowchart
• Material Used in Research CHAPTER 5
• Experimental Procedure • Future Direction
• Material Characterization
• Testing • Research Milestones
• References

2
 Background

Factor
Problems Impacts Causes Impacts Solution
Problems

Energy crisis & Huge Increased Carbon dioxide Increase interest

environmental consumption of pollution emission level in renewable
pollution1 Thermoelectric
fossil fuels1,2 increase3 energy4,6,7 waste heat
recovery
Human Tremendous 80% fuel’s system3,5,8
Energy
population energy wasted energy lost as scavengers are
increase2 in the form of heat from car5 modern trend
heat3,4,5
>50% thermal
energy lost
1 Nam et al. (2012) from exhaust
2 Gayner & Kar (2016) Energy car5
3 Funahashi et al. (2015)
4 Zhang & Zhao (2015)
reserves will
5 Jantrasee et al. (2016) diminish3
6 Seetawan et al. (2014)
7 Zheng et al. (2014)
8 Zhu et al. (2018)

3
 Energy Statistics1,2,3 PRIMARY ENERGY1,4

• Automotive industry
Increase Energy Used • Thermal Power Plant
• Nuclear Power Plant
RETRIEVAL
• Factory
34% Energy • Waste Incinerator
Used
66%
Waste Heat

ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

THERMOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY

1 Funahashi et al. (2015)

(Thermoelectric waste heat recovery system)
2 Zhang & Zhao (2015)
3 Jantrasee et al. (2016)
4 Zhu et al. (2016)

4
 THERMOELECTRIC WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM
Devices that convert waste heat (thermal energy) to electrical energy
Problem
Thermoelectric power generator
Efficiency
Thermoelectric radio lantern
low (7-8%)3,4
Heat Rejection Thermoelectric
waste heat>50% devices

Challenge
Bio lite camp stove
Increase
Thermoelectric Thermal efficiency
module converter energy (15-20%)

Thermal energy
(waste heat) Waste Heat Recovery Impact
Goal >10%
Development high
performance
Electrical Energy Electrical Energy
thermoelectric
materials1,2
1 Funahashi et al. (2015) Conceptually simple devices Thermoelectric technology
2 Zhang & Zhao (2015) • No moving parts
3 Jantrasee et al. (2016)
4 Zhu et al. (2016)
• Less maintenance
5
 THERMOELECTRIC WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM

Conventional
thermoelectric Advantages Disadvantages Solution Limitations
material

Bismuth Good Expensive, very Oxide Cadmium oxide Operating

telluride (BiTe), thermoelectric toxic, rare materials (CdO), Manganese temperature
Lead telluride performance elements Oxide (CaMnO3), 300-900°C4
(PbTe) Strontium titanate
(SrtiO3)
1 Yamaguchi et al. (2011) Operating
2 Jantrasee et al. (2016) temperature
3 Zhu et al. (2018) Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 1,2,3 400->900°C4
4 Ihns (2013)
6
 Problem Statements

Thermoelectric materials have attracted extensive interest in the last two decades due to their potential
applications in thermoelectric waste heat recovery system from industrial processes, automobiles, and
renewable energy sources. Conventional thermoelectric material facing several obstacles such as poor
stability in air at high temperature, high toxicity, expansive and rare elements make them less attractive
and incompatible materials.

Recently, oxide materials attracts more attention due its ability for reducing the earlier common obstacles 1.
Many literature reported on investigation of oxide materials doped with several elements at higher
temperature especially Al doped ZnO2. However, the figure of merit’s results still not achieve target (ZT=1)
and limited studies are reported on the effect of Al-Bi and Al-Ag doped into ZnO.

1 Wiff et al. (2008); Kumar & Sahu (2010); Yamaguchi et al. (2011); Fergus (2012); Jantrasee et al. (2016); Ilican et al. (2018); Zhu et al. (2018)
2 Ohtaki et al. (1996); Tsubota et al. (1997a); Cai et al. (2003); Zhang et al. (2008); Cheng et al. (2009); Ohtaki et al. (2009); Kinemuochi et al. (2009); Qu et al. (2011); Nam et al.
(2012); Han et al. (2012); Jantrasee et al. (2016); Guan et al. (2017);

7
 Research Questions

1. Does the doping technique effectively increase the thermoelectric properties and

performance?

2. Which dopants are suitable doped with ZnO in order to get better thermoelectric properties

and performance?

3. Which composition of dopant enhanced the thermoelectric properties and performance?

8
 Objectives of the Research

1. To synthesize two different doping elements with ZnO using sol gel technique.

2. To characterize the morphology and phases on doped ZnO with two different doping

elements

3. To evaluate the thermoelectric properties and ZT value of the synthesized doped

ZnO.

9
 Thermoelectric properties
Doping Elements Seebeck coefficient measurement Thermopower system
Al-Bi Electrical conductivity measurement Four-point probe
Al-Ag Thermal conductivity measurement Laser flash apparatus

Research
Scopes Material Characterization
Synthesize process X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Sol-gel technique Field Emission Scanning
Microscopy (FESEM)

Polymerization agent
Starch

10
 Significance of Research

The ability to introduce new thermoelectric materials that can be use at high temperature are

significant advances in the material use inside thermoelectric waste heat recovery system. This could

allow improvement in energy efficiency and can harvest the thermal waste heat at temperatures current

materials cannot tolerate. Moreover, it can also be produced in a low cost manner and form fitted to

different industrial applications.

11
 Literature Review

Thermoelectric effect

An electric current would flow continuously in a closed circuit

made up of two dissimilar materials, if the junctions of the
materials were maintained at two different temperatures 1

Seebeck Effect (1821)

• Heat  Electric current

Seebeck coefficient (S)

  ∆𝑉 Figure 2.1: Basic principle of thermoelectric effect

S=
∆𝑇
  =voltage difference Present applications: Thermoelectric generator (TEG)
=temperature difference

1 Koumoto et al. (2013); Zhang & Zhao (2015)

12
 Working Principle

Figure 2.2: Thermoelectric module1

Figure 2.3: Operating principle of a single TEG2
1 Kim et al. (2012)
2 Gayner & Kar (2016) 13
 Thermoelectric Performance
The performance of thermoelectric devices depends
on the figure of merit (ZT) of the material 1
Low carrier
concentration2
High Seebeck
coefficient (S) Effective density   𝑆2 𝜎 𝑇
Goal of states2
Research 𝑍𝑇 =
𝜅
High electrical Higher carrier
High ZT conductivity (𝜎) concentration
Thermoelectric
and mobility3
properties
 
electrical conductivity
Low thermal improvement = temperature
Large molecular
conductivity (κ) =thermal conductivity
weight4
Doping effect
Complex crystal
structure4 Material
Weak chemical characterization
1 Wiff et al. (2008); Cheng et al. (2009); Qu et al. (2011); Nam et al.
bonding4,6 (2012); Fergus (2012);
Wu (2014); Liu et al. (2017); Koresh & Amouyal (2017); Park et al.
Reduce lattice (2017)
thermal 2 Wiff et al. (2008); Cheng et al. (2009)
3 Han et al. (2012); Ihns (2013); Link (2013); Han et al. (2014); Liu
conductivity5 et al. (2017)
4 Zhang & Zhao (2015)
5 Wiff et al. (2008); Fergus (2012); Zhang & Zhao (2015); Funahashi
et al. (2015); Liu et al. (2017); Ohta (2018)
6 Fergus (2012)

14
 Critical Review
Authors, Year & Objectives Material Finding of Research
Ranking
XRD SEM/FESEM TE Properties ZT

Tsubota et al. To investigate Al:ZnO • No second phase - • S decrease with addition of Al ZT=0.30 at 2
(1997a) thermoelectric observed at doping at%, Al
properties for high 0,0.5,1,2 at% • 𝜎 increase with addition of Al doped ZnO
Q1 temperature • ZnAl2O4 phase content (1000°C)
thermoelectric observed at 5 at% • 𝜅 decrease with addition of Al
content and increasing
temperature
Tsubota et al. To investigate M:ZnO - - • 𝜎 increase with addition of Al>In>Ga>
(1997b) thermoelectric (M=Al, Ga, elements (Al>Ga>In>ZnO) ZnO
properties ZnO In at 2 at%) • S decrease with addition of of (ZT=0.30,
doped with Al, Ga elements (ZnO>In>Ga≈Al) 0.15, 0.11,
and In • 𝜅 decrease with increasing 0.076 at 2 at
temperature (Ga<In<Al<ZnO) %)
Cai et al. (2003) To determine Al:ZnO Diffraction peak ZnO Very fine particle • 𝜎 increase because Al ZT=0.02 at
thermoelectric and ZnAl2O4 is observed (0.1-2µm) dissolved in the ZnO crystal ratio 3 at%, 5
Q2 properties of Al lattice acting as donor. at% Al doped
doping into ZnO • Al doping increase the S but S ZnO
using sol gel decrease rapidly with (500°C)
method and hot addition of Al content.
press • 𝜅 decrease with addition of Al
content

15
Authors, Year & Objectives Material Finding of Research
Ranking
XRD SEM/FESEM TE Properties ZT

Jantrasee et al. To determine the Al:ZnO • No second phase • Grain size • Cold pressing and sintering • ZT=0.28
(2016) effect of Al doping observed at decrease nanocrystal lead to low 𝜅 (The at 3 at%
into ZnO on the 0,1,2,3 at% lowest for oxides) Al doped
Q4 electronic structure • ZnAl2O4 observed • Al doping increase the S ZnO
and thermoelectric at 6 at% and 𝜎 significantly with (400°C)
properties temperature.
Guan et al. (2017) To investigate M:ZnO • No second phase • Large grain size • Bi increase S and decrease 𝜎 • Al>Sn>
thermoelectric (M=Al, Bi, Sn observed at all in Bi:ZnO (2- • Sn decrease S and increase 𝜎 ZnO>Bi
Q2 properties of ZnO at 2at%) samples 6µm) compare • Al increase S and 𝜎 but no
doped with Al, Bi • Hexagonal phase with other change in 𝜅
and Sn of wurtzite type samples
ZnO • Low solubility of
Bi2O3 in ZnO
Colder et al. (2011) To study Ni:ZnO • No second phase • High densities • S and 𝜎 increase until 3 at% of ZT=0.09 at 3
thermoelectric observed at and average addition of Ni content at%, Ni
Q1 properties of the Ni- 0,1,2,3,4 at% grain size (21- • 𝜅 decrease with addition of Ni doped ZnO
ZnO ceramics • NiO or ZnNiO 30.5µm) content (727°C)
phase observed
at 6 & 5 at%

16
 Critical Review
Authors, Year & Objectives Material Finding of Research
Ranking
XRD SEM TE Properties ZT

Koresh & Amouyal To investigate the Ni:ZnO • Wurtzite structure • SEM • S and 𝜎 increase for pure ZnO, ZT=0.02 at 3
(2017) effect of • No second phase (pure micrographs as-quench, aged samples at%, Ni
microstructure ZnO and as-quenched) show white • 𝜅 decrease for pure ZnO, as- doped ZnO
Q1 evolution on • Ages samples shows spot (NiO- quench, aged samples (700°C)
transport properties NixZnyO phase based as-quench
of nickel-doped ZnO precipitates) samples
Ohtaki et al. M:ZnO • ZnAl2O4 observed at Granular • 𝜎 decrease but relatively ZT=0.65 at
(2009) (M=Al, 2 at% of Al and M = texture small 2 at% M
Ga) 2 at% Al and 1 at% • 𝜅 decrease with doped ZnO
Q2 of Ga increasing Ga content (974°C)
• Single phase

17
 Graph of ZT values doped ZnO against recent years

0.7
0.65 Ohtaki et al. (2009)
Al-Ga doped ZnO
0.6

0.5

0.4
ZT Values

0.34
Jantrasee et al. (2010)
0.3
0.3 0.28 Al doped ZnO

0.2
0.2 0.18 Koresh & Amouyal (2017)
Ni doped ZnO
0.12
0.1
0.07
0.05 Bahadur et al. (2010)
0.04
0.02 0.02 0.02 Al doped ZnO
0
0
1996 1997 2003 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2016 2017

Years

ZT at temperature ≤500°C ZT at temperature >500°C

18
 |𝑆| value (𝜇V/K)

100
200
300
400
500
600
700

0
Jantrasee et al. (2016)

ZnO
Koresh & Amouyal (2017)

Undoped
Jantrasee et al. (2016)

Al
Tsubota et al. (1997a)

Colder et al. (2011)

Ni
Colder et al. (2011)

Ga
Jood et al. (2012)
In

Tsubota et al. (1997b)

Bi

Elements

Guan et al. (2017)

Sb

Park et al. (2018)

Sn

Guan et al. (2016)

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Sm

The graph of Seebeck coefficient, |𝑆| value (𝜇V/K) against element doped in ZnO

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Fe
Al, Ni

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

19
 𝜎 (S/m)

10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000

5000

0
Jantrasee et al. (2016)

Guan et al. (2017)

Undoped ZnO
Jantrasee et al. (2016)

Tsubota et al. (1997a)

Al
Ni

Colder et al. (2011)

Jood et al. (2012)

Elements
Ga

Jood et al. (2012)

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Ni
Al, Fe

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

The graph of electrical conductivity, 𝜎 (S/m) against element doped into ZnO
20
Al, Sm

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

 𝜅 (W/mK)

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

0
5

ZnO
Guan et al. (2017)
Guan et al. (2017)

Undoped
Jantrasee et al. (2016)

Al
Guan et al. (2017)

Ni
Colder et al. (2011)
Colder et al. (2011)

Guan et al. (2017)

Bi

Guan et al. (2017)

Guan et al. (2017)

Sn

Elements

Guan et al. (2017)

Ohtaki et al. (2009)

Ga

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Ni

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Fe

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

The graph of thermal conductivity, 𝜅 (W/mK) against elements doped into ZnO21
Al, Sm

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

 ZT value

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

0
Cai et al. (2003)
Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Jantrasee et al. (2016)

Undoped ZnO Al
Nam et al. (2012)

Bi
Guan et al. (2017)

Sn Guan et al. (2017)

Liang (2016)
Ga

Tsubota et al. (1997b)

Koresh & Amouyal (2017)

Ni
Elements

Colder et al. (2011)

In

Tsubota et al. (1997b)

Al, Ni

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Fe

The graph of ZT values against element doped into ZnO

Yamaguchi et al. (2011)

Al, Sm

22

Ohtaki et al. (2009)

Al, Ga
Authors, Year & Objectives Material Finding of Research
Ranking
Kawano et al (2015) To investigate the effect of silver Ag:Nb2O5 • S and 𝜎 increase with increasing Ag content
added in Niobium (v) oxide as a • 𝜅 increase with increasing Ag content (the rate of increase was small when the
Q1 thermoelectric material Ag particles were not connected with each other)
Zheng et al (2013) To improve thermoelectric Ag: • XRD results show that all oxide samples are of two phases and they have
properties by Ag addition into (Sr0.9La0.1)3T layered microstructure
Q2 oxide material i2O7 • S and 𝜎 increase with increasing Ag content
• 𝜅 decrease with increasing Ag content
• ZT=0.12 at (1 at% Ag content)

Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity

Elements σ [S/m] at 20°C 𝜅 (W/mK)

Silver, Ag 6.21 × 107 (High) 420 (High)
Copper, Cu 5.85 × 107 401
Gold, Au 4.42 × 107 317
Aluminium, Al 3.69 × 107 237

23
 Summary

Elements S (µV/K) σ (S/m) 𝜅 (W/mK) ZT

Undoped ZnO S = 517 𝜅 = 4000 𝜅 = 2.5 ZT=0.086
Al Increase Increase Decrease Increase
S = 576 σ = 46296 𝜅 = 1.59 ZT=0.34
Ni Decrease Decrease Increase Increase
S = 420 σ = 3401 𝜅=6 ZT=0.095
Bi Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
S =570 𝜅 =11.5 ZT=0.0075
Sn Decrease - Increase Decrease
S =80 𝜅 =7.5 ZT=0.015
Ga Decrease Decrease Increase Increase
S =185 σ =115 𝜅 =17 ZT=0.13
Al, Ni Decrease Increase Increase Increase
S =138 σ =36900 𝜅 =5.7 ZT=0.126
Al, Fe Decrease Increase Increase Decrease
S =173 σ =20000 𝜅 =7.9 ZT=0.074
Al, Ga - - Increase Increase
𝜅 =5.3 ZT=0.65

24
 S σ 𝜅 XRD
HIGH • Low carrier • Higher carrier Crystal structure of
concentration1,2 concentration hexagonal wurtzite
• Grain size lattice structure3
increase4

LOW • complex wurtzite

structure3
• Grain size
decrease (less
than 100nm)3,5
• Low carrier
concentration

1 Wiff et al. (2008)

2 Cheng et al. (2003)
3 Guan et al. (2017)
4 Colder et al. (2011)
5 Nam et al. (2012)

25
 Research Methodology

26
 Chemical synthesis and sintering process

Solution of
precursors
Hydrolysis Gelation Evaporate the solvent
Crush & ground
polymerization Furnace, 80oC, 12 hrs
mortar and pestle
30min, 80oC
(1) Zinc nitrate Sol Gel Small particles
Cloudy solution Dried gel
(2)Aluminum
nitrate, Bismuth
nitrate, Silver Preheat
nitrate Furnace, 400oC, 5 hrs
(3)Starch

Sintering press Calcination

50 MPa 800oC, 6hrs

Cooling white powder
solid pellet
Final sample Final powder

27
 EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

Material:

Base Material: Zinc Nitrate, Zn(NO3)3

Composition (%)
 
Composition:
Doping Elements: ZnO Al Bi AlxZn(1-2x)MxO where M is Bi or Ag
Aluminium nitrate, Al(NO3)3
Bismuth Nitrate Bi(NO3)3 1 0 0
Dopant ratio, x=1at%, 2at% and 4at%
Silver Nitrate, Ag (NO3)3 0.98 0.01 0.01
Example:
0.96 0.02 0.02 x=1at% of Al and Bi
0.92 0.04 0.04 x=
AlxZn(1-2x)BixO = Al0.01Zn(1-2*0.01)Bi0.01O
ZnO Al Ag

1 0 0 = Al0.01Zn0.98Bi0.01O
0.98 0.01 0.01

0.96 0.02 0.02

Each testing is minimum with 3 samples.
0.92 0.04 0.04

28
 X-ray diffractometer Procedures

X-ray
diffractometer Procedure
machine • Place the powder inside an aluminium
holder
• XRD machine was set to room
temperature with 10µm diameter laser
beam with 10 times objective lens to
to identify the crystalline phases sample for identifying the powder phase
composition of the powders and • TOPAS software monitor the element
X-ray diffraction (Bruker D8)
sintered specimens phase

Location:
Material Science Lab, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia
29
 Field Emission Scanning Microcopy Procedures

Field Emission  Procedure:

• Prepare and ground the samples.
Scanning
• Polish the samples (0.5µm)
Microscopy
• The etch the samples in dilute HCl acid
(FESEM)
(1050 for 30 minutes in air)
• Sintered samples were examined using
FESEM

FESEM (JEOL JSM-6340F)

To observe surface
morphology and
grain structure

Location:
Material Science Lab, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia
30
 Seebeck Coefficient (S) measurement

Heater

• Heat one side of sample

Research Methodology

Cooper
block
• Cold sink at the other side of

I V Sample ∆T
sample (cold reservoir)

• Thermocouples placed at the top

and bottom sample to measure ∆T
Cooper
block
• Connect 4-pt terminals to measure
Cold Reservoir ∆V

31
   Procedure of Measuring Electrical
Conductivity ()

Four-points probe method

Research Methodology

• Procedure:
• Place four probes at straight middle intervals (space probe is
approximately 1mm)
• Supply high impedance current through two outmost probes
• The resistivity of samples is measured

32
 Procedure of Measuring Thermal
Conductivity (κ)
Research Methodology

• Specific heat (Cp) and thermal diffusivity (D)

are measured via Laser flash Netzsch LFA
457

• Sample is placed in the chamber for

estimating Cp and D values

• A high energy pulse  to deliver a short burst

of energy to the sample and measure the
temperature on the opposite side. Laser flash Netzsch LFA 457

• κ = CpDρ
33
 Expected Outcome

It is expected that co-doping Al-Bi and Al-Ag on ZnO will improve overall the thermoelectric
properties and subsequently increase ZT value.

Crystallographic Structure

Crystal Structure of ZnO (wurtzite)

34
 FUTURE DIRECTION

i. Different base material such as BiCuSeO oxyselenides or different elements can be used to

study the microstructural and thermoelectric properties of the ceramics.

ii. Use software such as COMSOL Multiphysics software to predict the thermoelectric properties.

35
 Gantt Chart
YEAR 2017 2018 2019 2020
TASK 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
Taking Class                                                                        
Literature Review                                                                        
-TE Performance                                                                        
-TE Materials                                                                        
-TE Methods                                                                        
Preparation of Proposal                                                                        
Ch 1: Introduction                                                                        
Ch 2: Literature Review                                                                        
Ch 3: Methodology                                                                        
Oral Presentation                                                                        
Experimental Works                                                                        
-Ceramic Preparation                                                                        
Co-precipitation Method                                                                        
Sol-gel Method                                                                        
-Structural Characterization                                                                        
XRD                                                                        
FESEM                                                                        
-Electrical and Thermal                                                                        
Characterization
Electrical Coefficient                                                                        
Seebeck Coefficient                                                                        
Thermal Conductivity                                                                        
Analyze Data                                                                        
Thesis Writing                                                                        
Ch 4: Result and Findings                                                                        
Ch 5: Conclusions                                                                        
Thesis Submission and VIVA                                                                        

Progress Until Now

36
 References

Cheng, H. et al., 2009. Characterization of Al-doped ZnO thermoelectric materials prepared by RF plasma powder processing and hot press sintering. Ceramics International,
35(8), pp.3067–3072.

Colder, H. et al., 2011. Preparation of Ni-doped ZnO ceramics for thermoelectric applications. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 31(15), pp.2957–2963.

Fergus, J.W., 2012. Oxide materials for high temperature thermoelectric energy conversion. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 32, pp.525–540.

Funahashi, R., Barbier, T. & Combe, E., 2015. Thermoelectric materials for middle and high temperature ranges. Journal of Materials Research, pp.1–14. Available at:
http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0884291415001454.

Gayner, C. & Kar, K.K., 2016. Recent advances in thermoelectric materials. Progress in Materials Science, 83, pp.330–382. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.07.002.

Han, L. et al., 2012. The influence of alpha- and gamma-Al2O3 phases on the thermoelectric properties of Al-doped ZnO. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 555, pp.291–296.

Ihns, M., 2013. Structural engineering of Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric thin films.

Ilican, S. et al., 2018. Fabrication of p-Si / n-ZnO : Al heterojunction diode and determination of electrical parameters. , 1156, pp.675–683.

Jantrasee, S., Moontragoon, P. & Pinitsoontorn, S., 2016. Thermoelectric properties of Al-doped ZnO: Experiment and simulation. Journal of Semiconductors, 37(9), pp.1–8.

Jood, P. et al., 2012. Effect of gallium doping and ball milling process on the thermoelectric performance of n-type ZnO. Journal of Materials Research, 27(17), pp.2278–2285.

Kim, H.J. et al., 2012. System to Measure Thermal Conductivity and Seebeck Coefficient for Thermoelectrics. , (December 2012).

Koumoto, K. et al., 2013. Thermoelectric ceramics for energy harvesting. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 96(1), pp.1–23.

Kumar, M. & Sahu, S.S., 2010. Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Synthesized by Oxidization of Zinc. National Institute of Technology Rourkela.

Liu, S. et al., 2018. Effect of morphology evolution on the thermoelectric properties of oxidized ZnO thin films. Applied Surface Science, 436, pp.354–361.
37
Nam, W.H. et al., 2012. High-temperature charge transport and thermoelectric properties of a degenerately Al-doped ZnO nanocomposite. Journal of Materials Chemistry,
22(29), p.14633. Available at: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2jm31763j.

Ohta, H., 2018. 18 - Thermoelectrics based on metal oxide thin films, Elsevier Inc. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811166-6.00018-2.

Ohtaki, M., Araki, K. & Yamamoto, K., 2009. High thermoelectric performance of dually doped ZnO ceramics. Journal of Electronic Materials, 38(7), pp.1234–1238.

Park, Y., Cho, K. & Kim, S., 2017. Thermoelectric characteristics of glass fibers coated with ZnO and Al-doped ZnO. Materials Research Bulletin, 96, pp.246–249.

Qu, X. et al., 2011. Thermoelectric properties and electronic structure of Al-doped ZnO. , 151(3), pp.332–336.

Seetawan, T. et al., 2014. Thermoelectric energy conversion of p-Ca3Co4O9/n-CaMnO3 module. Energy Procedia, 61, pp.1067–1070.

Tsubota, T. et al., 1997a. Thermoelectric properties of Al-doped ZnO as a promising oxide material for high- temperature thermoelectric conversion. J. Mater. Chem., 7, pp.85–
90.

Tsubota, T. et al., 1997b. Thermoelectric properties of ZnO Doped with The Group 13 Elements. , pp.4–7.

Wiff, J.P. et al., 2008. Correlations between thermoelectric properties and effective mass caused by lattice distortion in Al-doped ZnO ceramics. Journal of the European
Ceramic Society, 29(8), pp.1413–1418.

Yamaguchi, H. et al., 2011. Thermoelectric properties of ZnO ceramics Co-doped with Al and transition metals. Journal of Electronic Materials, 40(5), pp.723–727.

Zhang, X. & Zhao, L.-D., 2015. Thermoelectric materials: Energy conversion between heat and electricity. Journal of Materiomics, 1(2), pp.92–105. Available at:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352847815000258.

Zheng, X.F. et al., 2014. A review of thermoelectrics research - Recent developments and potentials for sustainable and renewable energy applications. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, pp.486–503.

Zhu, B.B. et al., 2018. The improvement of thermoelectric property of bulk ZnO via ZnS addition: Influence of intrinsic defects. Ceramics International, (October 2017), pp.1–5.

Zno, S. et al., 2017. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing Theoretical and experimental investigations of the thermoelectric properties. , 66(February), pp.247–252.
38