CARBONIZATION

QA 1
 INTRODUCTION
 Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an
organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing
residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.

 It is often used with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar
from raw coal.

 It is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place

concurrently such as dehydrogenation, condensation, hydrogen
transfer and isomerization.

QA 2
 COAL CARBONIZATION
The coal carbonization is heating the coal in air isolated system. To make
coal decompose into carbon, coal tar, benzene and coal gas .

Coal gas(g) CO H2 CH4 C2H4 NH3 NH4X

C6H6

C6H6 C6H5CH3 C6H4(CH3)2

coal Coal tar(l) phenol and Asphalt

Coke (s)
C
COKE
The majority of coke is carbon, which is one of the most common element.
The carbon usually be used in iron industry to be the reducing
agent or used in casting alloy. If you have too much money or too much
free time, you can try to produce diamond by coke. Do not try that unless
the Bullion is full of your house.

High temperature

+
high presure
===
 HOW WOOD IS TRANSFORMED
INTO CHARCOAL

QA 5
  The carbonization stage may be decisive in
charcoal production even though it is not the
most expensive one.

 Unless the process is carried out as efficiently

as possible, it puts the whole operation of
charcoal production at risk since low yields in
carbonization reflect back through the whole
chain of production as increased costs and
waste of resources.

QA 6
 EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT IN WOOD
 The water in the wood has all to be driven off as vapor
before carbonization can take place.
 To evaporate water requires a lot of energy so that using
the sun to pre-dry the wood as much as possible before
carbonization greatly improves efficiency.
 The water remaining in the wood to be carbonized, must
be evaporated in the kiln or pit and this energy must be
provided by burning some of the wood itself which
otherwise would be converted into useful charcoal.

QA 7
 1- MOISTURE REMOVAL

Drying at 100 °C to Heating of dried wood

zero moisture content to 280 °C

The energy for these steps comes from partial combustion of some of
the wood charged to the kiln or pit and it is an energy absorbing or
endothermic reaction.

QA 8
 2- DECOMPOSITION
Hydrogen

Energy Non-Condensable
Carbon Dioxide
gases

Carbon Monoxide

Dried Wood
Water Vapor
(280 °C)

Liquid chemicals Methanol

Charcoal Acetic Acid

QA 9
  Further heating increases the fixed carbon
content by driving off and decomposing more
of the tars.
 A temperature of 500°C gives a typical fixed
carbon content of about 85% and a volatile
content of about 10%.
 The yield of charcoal at this temperature is
about 33% of the weight of the oven dry wood
carbonized - not counting the wood which was
burned to carbonize the remainder.

QA 10
 Effect of carbonization temperature on yield and composition of charcoal

QA 11
 SAFETY CONCERNS
 Carbonization produces substances which can prove harmful and
simple precautions should be taken to reduce risks
 The gas produced by carbonization has a high content of carbon
monoxide which is poisonous when breathed, therefore, proper
ventilation is required to allow the carbon monoxide to be
dispersed
 The tars and smoke produced from carbonization, although not
directly poisonous, may have long term damaging effects on the
respiratory system.
 Wood tars can be irritant to skin, it can also seriously
contaminate streams and affect drinking water supplies for
humans and animals. Fish may also be adversely affected

QA 12
 DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION

QA 13
  Destructive distillation is the chemical process involving the
decomposition of feedstock by heating to a high temperature

 It generally applies to processing of organic material in the

absence of air or in the presence of limited amounts of
oxygen or other reagents, catalysts, or solvents, such as
steam or phenols.

 The process breaks up or 'cracks' large molecules. Coke, coal

gas, gas carbon, coal tar, ammonia liquor, and "coal oil"
historically, are examples of commercial products of the
destructive distillation of coal.

QA 14
 Destructive Distillation of Coal

QA 15
 THANK YOU

QA 16