Unix and Shell

Programming
Subject Code: IS315
 What is UNIX?
 The UNIX Operating System (OS) is a large program
(mostly coded in C) that turns the computer into a
useable machine.
 It provides a number of facilities:
 management of hardware resources
 directory and file system
 loading / execution / suspension of programs
 It is simple and easy to use for normal user.
 It is powerful to the experienced user.
 Unix stands for UNiplexed Information and Computing
System
 UNICS→UNIX
 (Brief) History
 1969 First UNIX at Bell Labs
 1975 Bell Labs makes UNIX freeware
 1970’s Berkeley UNIX (BSD)
 1980’s TCP/IP
MIT X-Windows
 1990’s The Web,
LINUX
 Why UNIX?
 Portable
 Multiuser / Multitasking
 Networking – initially designed to be an
interactive, multiuser, multitasking system,
Networking was added after the split between
BSD Unix and AT & T Unix.
 Organized File System
 Device Independence
 Utilities
 Services
 UNIX Environment
 Personal Environment
 Time-Sharing Environment

 Client/Server Environment
 Unix Structure
 Unix Consists of four major Components:
 Kernel
 Is the heart of unix system
 Process control & Resource Management
 Shell
 Part of unix visible to user.
 Receives and interprets the command entered by the user.
 Interpreter reads the command & works with the kernel to execute
it
 Three standard shells used in Unix: Bourne, C, Korn
 Standard set of utilities
 Application program
Kernel-Shell Relationship
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 Accessing Unix
 User ID
 Passwords
 Interactive Session
 Login
 Make contact with the system
 Wait for system login prompt
 Type User id
 Type password

 Interaction
 Logout
 Commands
 Basis of all interaction is command, which is
not unique to unix.
 Basic Concepts
 Unix command is an action request given to the
Unix shell for execution
 Source and destination of data

 Command syntax
 $ verb [options] [arguments]
 Verb is the command name
 Option modifies how the action is applied
 Argument provides additional inf. to the command
 Common Commands
 Date and time (date) command
date options arguments
-u
$ date
$ date –u
$ date “+Today’s date is : %D. The time is : %T”
 a abbreviated weekday name, Mon.
 A full weekday name, Monday
 D date in the format mm/dd/yy
 M two digit minute
 Common Commands
 Calendar (cal) command
cal options [[month] year]
$ cal // current month is printed
$ cal 2010 // calendar for 2010 is displayed
$ cal 8 2010 // calendar for aug. is displayed
 Common Commands
 Who’s online (who) command
who options am I
-u: Idle time
-H: Header
$ who // displays currently logged in users
$ who –u // displays active users & idle time of users
$ who –uH // displays active users & idle time of users with
header
$ who am I // displays inf about the user
$ whoami // displays user id
 Common Commands
 Change Password (passwd) command
$ passwd
 Print message (echo) Command
$ echo Hello world
$ echo “ Hai, Good Afternoon”
 Online documentation (man) command
man options keywords
-k: search on keyword
$ man cal
$ man man
 Common Commands
 Print (lpr) command
lpr options file-list
-P: Printer
$ lpr file1 // prints one file to standard printer
$ lpr file1 file2 file3 // prints 3 file to standard printer
$ lpr –Plp0 file1 file2 file3 // prints 3 file to printer
lp0
 Other Useful Commands
 Some less frequently used but some useful
commands
 Terminal (tty) command
 tty utility is used to show the name of the terminal
your using
$ tty
 Clear Screen (clear) command
$ clear
 Other Useful Commands
 Set terminal (stty) command
 This command can be used to set or unset selected terminal
i/p / o/p options.
 When the terminal is not responding properly, this
command can be used to reconfigure it.
stty options arguments
-a: display current settings
-g: display current settings (in argument format)
$ stty
$ stty sane // sets the terminal conf. to reasonable settings
 Other Useful Commands
 Record Session (script) command
 Used to record an interactive session
script options arguments
-a: append
 Session log is stored in file typescript, which can
be changed by giving the filename as an argument.
$ script
// Type diff. command
$ script unix123
$ script -a
 Other Useful Commands
 System Name (uname) command
 This command is used to see the data , such as its
name, about itself
uname options arguments
-a: all, -n: name only, -s: o.s, -r: release
$ uname
$ uname –s
$ uname –sr
$ uname -a
 Other Useful Commands
 Calculator (bc) command
 Turns unix into a calculator
 Ctrl+d to terminate.

$ bc
// scale =2, ibase =2, ibase=8, obase=2,