MAX RANGE MAX ENDU

RANCE/ECON

Angel Lin
 Maximum Endurance

• To maximize the endurance, we want to maxi

mize the amount of time that we can stay in th
e air.
• In order to do this, we must minimize the fuel
flow. The speed corresponding to the bottom
of the fuel flow curve is the speed for maximu
m endurance.
Maximum Endurance
 Maximum Endurance
• Max. Endurance => Min Drag => min. FF
• Maximum Endurance Speed
can be flown in the holding pattern to get the
longest airtime.
 Maximum Range
• To maximize the range, we want to get the ma
ximum distance for each pound of fuel burned
.
FF=lb of fuel/hr
Dividing both side by TAS(nm/hr)
FF/TAS=lb of fuel/hr(nm/hr)
Dividing out the hr
So…. FF/TAS=lb of fuel/nm
FF/TAS=lb of fuel/nm (MIN)
 Maximum Range
FF/TAS=lb of fuel/nm
TAS/FF=nm/lb of fuel
So Maximum Range speed is obtained from
the largest ratio of TAS/FF
 Maximum Range
• Specific range (SR = TAS/FF)
Typical speeds are indicated, the maximum endurance
cruise speed, maximum range cruise (MRC) speed and
long range cruise (LRC) speed
 ECON

• Selected at the lowest overall cost (of fuel,

maintenance, depreciation, crew, etc).
• The computed ECON speed results in minimu
m cost per mile flown. ECON Mach is calculate
d in the performance database and is a functio
n of gross weight, selected altitude, temperatu
re, and cost index.
 ECON
 Cost index is a number that governs the speed the airc
raft flies. The higher the number the faster the speed,
which saves time. The lower the number the slower th
e speed, which saves fuel. Valid entries are 0 to 9999

 Cost index (CI) is determined by the airline using a for

mula that takes into account the fuel costs and time re
lated costs, both fixed and variable, to achieve minimu
m cost.
 ECON
• Cost index is the ratio of the flying time to the cost of
fuel. It is determined by dividing the dollar cost per h
our to operate the aircraft, excluding fuel, by the cost
of fuel in cents per pound.
For example, if it costs $1200 per hour for flying
time and 10 cents per pound for fuel, the cost
index is 120
 ECON
• ECON speed is optimized for all cruise wind conditio
ns.(MRC/LRC is ideal only for zero wind conditions)
• For example, in the presence of a strong tailwind, the
ECON speed will be reduced in order to maximize the
advantage gained from the tailwind during the cruise
. Conversely, the ECON speed will be increased when
flying into a headwind.
 ECON
• ECON SPD IS NORMAL BETWEEN MRC AND LR
C( depend on CI)
ECON
QUESTION?