DIVYANSHU LOKWANI

LECTURER IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC BHUJ

BASIC
ENGINEERING DRAWING
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING
2. DRAWING STANDARDS
3. DRAWING SHEET
4. TRADITIONAL DRAWING TOOL
5. SCALES
6. LINES
7. LETTERING
8. DIMENSIONING

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INTRODUCTION
An Engineering Drawing is a type of technical drawing,
used to fully and clearly define requirements for
engineered items, and is usually created in accordance
with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature
interpretation, appearance size etc.

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 Role of Graphics

• Visualization
• Communication
• Documentation

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 Applications of Engineering Drawing

1200 CE, 73 meter high minar with 14.32 meter diameter

at the base and 2.75 meter diameter at the peak. It has inside
stair with 379 steps.
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Applications of Engineering Drawing
Ships

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Applications of Engineering Drawing
Manufacturing of Automobiles

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Applications of Engineering Drawing
Construction

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 1. Artistic Drawing

The art of representation of an object by the artist by

his imagination or by keeping the object before him.
e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement
boards, etc.
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 2. Engineering
Drawing

The art of representation of engineering objects.

e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
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EXAMPLES

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 Drawing
Instruments
1. Drawing Board 12. Drawing Pencils – H,
2. Drawing Sheet 2H, HB
3. Drawing Sheet Holder 13. Sand Paper
4. Set-squares – 45o and 14. Eraser (Rubber)
30o – 60o 15. Drawing Pins and Clips
5. Large size Compass 16. Cello Tape
6. Small bow Compass 17. Duster or
7. Large size Divider Handkerchief
8. Small bow Divider 18. Drafting Machine /
Mini Drafter
9. Scales – 6” and 12”
19. Sketch Book (Medium
10. Protractor size)
11.
13/01/2 French Curve Introduction20. Roller
to Engg. Scale 16
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 DRAWING STANDARD
 Standard are the set of rules that govern how technical drawing are
represented.
 Drawing Standard are used so that drawing convey the same meaning to
everyone who reads them.
 Different countries use different standards according to there ease.
 In India we follow IS (Indian Standard) which is some what like JIS system

IS: 1071 I-1983 Sizes of Drawing Sheet

IS: 9609 (Part 2)1985 Lettering on Technical Drawing
IS: 10713-1983 Scales on Drawing

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JIS STANDARD PRACTICES

2
0
 DRAWING SHEET

• Sheet Size
• Margin
• Edge Line
• Border and Frame
• Orientation Mark
• Grid References
• Title Block
• Folding Sheet

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DRAWING
SHEET

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 Untrimmed Size

Trimmed Size

Example of Drawing Sheet

Margin

Orientation Mark Grid Reference

Title Block
Margin Line

Border
Frame

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SHEET SIZE
This section specifies sizes of blank and pre-printed drawing sheets for use
with all technical drawings in any field of engineering. There are various
standards for paper size such as A series, B series, C series.

• Series A (ISO 216) is taken as standard all over the world

• A0 size defined to have area of 1 square meter.
• The length divided by the width is 1.4142.
• Each subsequent size A(n) is defined as A(n-1) cut in half parallel to its
shorter sides.

The area of B series sheets is the geometric mean of successive A series

sheets. The international standard for envelopes is the C series of ISO 269.

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Series A Paper Size (ISO 216)

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 Untrimmed Paper
 In printing, bleed is printing that goes beyond the edge of the sheet before trimming.
 Gives the printer a small amount of space to account for movement of the paper.
 RA stands for "raw format A" and is conceptually defined as being 105% of the A series size.
 SRA stands for "supplementary raw format A" and is conceptually defined as being 115% of
the A series size

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 MARGIN AND ORIENTATION OF PAPER

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 FOLDING OF DRAWING PRINTS
 This section covers methods of folding of drawing prints.
 All large prints of sizes higher than A4 are folded to A4 sizes.
 The title blocks of all the folded prints appear in topmost position.
 The bottom right corner shall be outermost visible section and shall have a

width not less than 190 mm.

TYPES OF FOLD
• Folding of prints for Filing or Binding

• Folding of prints for storing in Filing Cabinet

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Folding of prinits for Filing or Binding

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Folding of prints for storing in Filing Cabinet

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TRADITIONAL DRAWING TOOLS
Drawing Table
Drawing Sheet
Drafting Tape
Pencil
Eraser
Sharpener
Drafter
Scale
Set-Square
T-Square
Compass

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DRAWING TOOLS
Drawing Instruments or tools are used to prepare neat and accurate
drawings. To a greater extent, the ac-curacy of the Drawings depends on
curacy of the Drawings depends on the quality of instruments used to
prepare them.
The following is the list of Drawing Instruments and other materials required

Drawing Board Drafter (Drafting machine)

• Set Squares
• Protractor
• Drawing Instrument Box
• Drawing Sheet
• Drawing Pencils
• Drawing Pins/Clips

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Drawing Board
 Drawing board is made from strips of well seasoned soft wood generally 25
mm thick. It is cleated at the back by two battens to prevent warping.
 One of the shorter edges of the rectangular board is pro One of the shorter
edges of the rectangular board is pro-vided with perfectly straight ebony
edge which is used as working edge on which the T edge on which the T-
square is moved while making Drawings square is moved while making
Drawing

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 PENCIL

• The difference is seen in the type of lead is in the pencil.

• The hardness written as H, Black the mark the lead makes written as B.
• The pencil No. 2(HB) pencil stands in middle.
• The hardest lead in a pencil is a 9H pencil, the blackest lead is a 9B pencil.

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 TRY TO NAME THESE

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 SCALES

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SCALES
Ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the
original drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the
object itself.
• Full Size - A scale with the ratio 1: 1.
• Enlargement Scale - A scale where the ratio is larger than 1 :1. It is said to
be larger as its ratio increases.
• Reduction Scale - A scale where ratio is smaller than 1: 1. It is said to be
smaller as its ratio decreases.

SCALE 1 : 1 for full size

SCALE X : 1 for En-largement scale
SCALE 1 : X for Reduction scales

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 Scales for Use on Technical Drawings
 In all cases, the selected scale shall be large enough to permit easy and
clear interpretation of the information depicted.
 Details that are too small for complete dimensioning in the main
representation shall be shown adjacent to the main representation in a
separate detail view (or section) which is drawn to a large scale.
 The scale to be chosen for a drawing will depend upon the complexity of
the object to be depicted and the purpose of the representation.

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 LINES

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LINES
 This section specifies the types of lines, their thickness and application for
use in technical drawings.
 Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the
object and it is important that the appropriate line type is used.

PROPERTIES OF LINE
o Line Thickness
o Line Style
o Precedence of line

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Line Thickness

Line Style

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Precedence of line
 TYPES OF LINE

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LETTERING
• Lettering used in engineering drawing is referred to as a Single Stroke,
Commercial Gothic.
• The height h of the capital letter is taken as the base of dimensioning
• The lettering may be inclined 15’ to the right, or may be vertical

Lettering in Engineering Drawing

To communicate non graphic information

Thus must be written with-

1. Legibility 2. Uniformity
• Shape • Size
• Space between words and letters • Line Thickness

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Use of Lettering

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WORD SPACING

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WORD SPACING

General conclusion are:

• Space between the letters depends on the countour of the letter at
an adjacent side
• Good Spacing creates approximately equal background are between
letters.

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SENTENCE SPACING
• Leave space between the words equal to space required
for writing a letter ‘O’

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DIMENSIONING
Dimension as a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of
measurement and indicated graphically on technical drawings with lines,
symbols and notes.
Units of Measurement: The most commonly used unit for length is the
millimeter. In civil engineering and architectural drawing, inch or foot is often
used as a unit of length. Angles are shown in degrees.
Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry wherever necessary.

Providing information on a drawing about

o Distances (size or functional dimensions)
o Sizes and positions (location or datum dimensions) of holes, grooves
and other features.
o Details relating to manufacture etc.

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CATOGRIES OF DIMENSIONING
FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS (FDS)
These are dimensions, which directly dictate the functioning of the
component. That is a FD is a dimension defined on the basis of the function of
the product and the method of locating it in any assembly of which it may
form part of, e.g. the diameter of a shaft, the length of a bolt, etc.
NON FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS (NFDS)
These are dimensions, which do not directly affect the functioning of the
component but have to be specified to enable production of that component,
e.g. the size of a bolt head.

AUXILLARY DIMENSIONS (FDS)

These are dimensions which should not necessarily appear on the drawing
but are sometimes included to avoid calculations or when they would provide
additional/useful information. ADs are usually written in brackets.

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DIMENSION TERMINOLOGY

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LEADER LINES AND NOTES
• Leader (or pointer) line – Thin continuous line connecting a note or
dimension figure with the feature to which it applies. One end of the
leader terminates in an arrowhead or dot.
• The arrowhead touches the outline while the dot is placed within
the
object or on the outline

• The other end of a leader is terminated in a horizontal line underlining the

note

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RULES FOR LEADER LINE
• A leader line is never drawn horizontal, vertical or curved
• It is drawn at an angle not less than 30o to the line that it touches
• When pointing to a circle or arc, it is drawn radially

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ARROWHEADS AND DIMENSION LINE POSITIONING
 A dimension line is placed at least 6-8 mm away from an outline and from
each other
 An extension line extends ~3mm beyond a dimension line
 Arrowhead – Placed at each end of a dimension line, its pointed end
touches an outline, extension line or a centerline. It is also placed at the
end of a leader line

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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ENGG.
DRAWING
TYPES OF DIMENSIONING
Aligned Unidirectional
• Dimension are aligned with the entity • Dimensions are placed in such a way
being measured.
that they can be read from the bottom
• They are placed perpendicular to the edge of the drawing sheet.
dimension line such that they may be
read from the bottom or right-hand • Dimensions are inserted by breaking
side of the drawing sheet. the dimension lines at the middle.
• Dimensions are placed at the
middle and on top of the dimension
lines.

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PLACING DIMENSION

METHOD FOR DIMENSIONING

• Parallel Dimensioning
• Continues Dimensioning
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PARALLEL (PROGRESSIVE) DIMENSIONING
All the dimensions are shown from a common reference line. Obviously,
all these dimensions share a common extension line. This method is
adopted when dimensions have to be established from a particular datum
surface
Smaller dimensions should always be placed nearer the view. The next
smaller dimension should be placed next and so on.

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CHAIN (CONTINUOUS) DIMENSIONING
All the dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one
dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The
overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions

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COMBINED DIMENSIONING
When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning
are used on the same drawing, the method of dimensioning is called
combined dimensioning

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CYLINDRICAL DIMENSIONS
Cylindrical features should be dimensioned by giving their diameters.
They should be dimensioned in the views in which they appear as rectangles
CYLINDER – OUTER DIMENSION IS ALSO
CIRCULAR. CAN BE HOLLOW OR SOLID

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DIMENSIONING ARCS

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DIMENSIONING CONICAL FEATURES

DIMENSIONING WRONG VS. CORRECT

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General Hints on Dimensioning
 NOTE that all “rules” on dimensioning are just guidelines. Use common
sense depending on circumstances (i.e. there are no strict rules/regulations
on dimensioning)
 In metric system, all linear dimensions are considered to be in millimeters
 Show full size dimensions regardless of the scale used in the drawing

 Dimension any feature only once (i.e. no repetitions are allowed)

 Dimension obviously identical features only once

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 For any query or error feel free to mail me :
divyanshulokwani4u@gmail.com

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