Lecture#2 Hydrological Parameters

Faculty of Engineering
Lecturer: M. Hamid Elmy Water Recourse Eng. Dep.
Hamid.elmy@gmail.com Prep: M. Hamid elmy Nangarhar University1
 Hydro-metrology 2

Metrology is the science of studying measurement

Hydro-metrology = Hydrology + Metrology

Hydro-metrology is the branch of metrology & hydrology

that studies the transfer of water and energy between the
land surface and lower atmosphere.

 Countries have established hydro-meteorological

stations to record data and assist with forecasting
warning and informing the natural hazards.
PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
 Weather and Atmosphere 3

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, made up of multiple

parameters: air temperature, atmospheric pressure,
humidity, precipitation, solar radiation and wind.

The climate is the sum of all weather events in an area

during a long period of time, determined primarily by long
term temperature & precipitation record of the area

The climate is affected by existing of CO2 gas level in atmo.

Weather (day to day) vs. climate (years-decades & patterns)

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 Atmospheric Parameters 4

Major Atmos. parameters impact the hydrologic-cycle are:

I. Atmospheric pressure, Wind

II. Air temperature

III. Humidity

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 Atmospheric Pressure 5

Atmospheric pressure: define as air weight over a unit area,

exert on earth’s surface.

As elevation increase, air density, air temperature and

atmospheric pressure also decrease.

 The variation of horizontal pressure cause wind, and

Generally moves from higher to lower altitude.

 Water vapor present in air, may alone or with other gasses

Saturation pres.: When the air is fully saturated with vapor

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 Humidity (Moisture) 6

Humidity: is the amount of moisture present in air, Absolut

humidity: mass of moisture per unit volume of air at a
given temperature

Relative humidity: is the ratio of actual vapor pressure to

the saturated vapor pressure at the same temperature

Humidity decrease with altitude

Dew point: the temp at which, the air is cooled at constant P,

the air will become saturated with same amount of vapor,
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 Hydrological Data 7

For the analysis and design of any hydrologic project

adequate data and length of records are necessary:
 Climatological data

 Hydro-meteorological data; temperature, wind, humidity, etc.

 Precipitation records

 Evaporation data

 Stream-flow records

 Seasonal fluctuation of ground water table

 Cropping pattern, crops and their consumptive use

 Geomorphologic studies of the basin, like area, shape and slope

of the basin, mean and median elevation.

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Hydro-Metrological Stations in Afgh. 8

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Hydro-metrological Data 9

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