BRIDGE ENGINEERING

PowerPoint Presentation made by: Charles Davies M. Cancio

TOPICS
• Shored and Unshored Construction – ML
• Resistance Factors - ML
• Design Provisions for Flexural Member -ML
• Cross-section Proportion Limits - TA
• Constructability Limits – TA
• Fatigue - TA
• Flexural Composite – CC
• Shear Resistance & Connectors – CC
• Additional Topics - CC
SHORED AND UNSHORED
CONSTRUCTION
•Shoring, form of prop or support,
usually temporary, that is used during
the repair or original construction of
buildings and in excavations. Temporary
support may be required, for example,
to relieve the load on a masonry wall
while it is repaired or reinforced.
•Steel beam is acting by itself and has to
have the strength to support the load of
the wet concrete until it hardens. Once
concrete cures, it becomes an integral
part of the composite element. The
ultimate flexural strength of either is the
same, and the most common. method is
that of unshored construction.
RESISTANCE FACTORS
• One of the parameters associated with the LRFD is the
so-called resistance factor, denoted as ϕ. The
significance of resistance factor in the context of LRFD
was discussed in Chapter 1. Its values depend on the
type of force in the memberor the connector. In
contrast with the AISC-recommended resistance
factors used in design of steel buildings, there are f
• For flexure, ϕf = 1.00 •
• For shear, ϕv = 1.00 •
• For axial compression, steel only ϕc = 0.90 •
• For axial compression, composite ϕc = 0.90 •
• For tension, fracture in net section ϕu = 0.80 •
• For tension, yielding in gross section ϕy = 0.95 •
• For bearing on pins in reamed, drilled or bored holes and on milled
surfaces ϕb = 1.00 •
• For bolts bearing on material ϕbb = 0.80 •
• For shear connectors ϕsc = 0.85 •
• For A 325 and A 490 bolts in tension ϕt = 0.80 •
• For A 307 bolts in tension ϕt = 0.80
• For F 1554 bolts in tension ϕt = 0.80
• For A 307 bolts in shear ϕs = 0.75
• For F 1554 bolts in shear ϕs = 0.75
• For A325 and A 490 bolts in shear ϕs = 0.80
• For block shear ϕbs = 0.80 •
• For shear, rupture in connection element ϕvu = 0.80 •
• For web crippling ϕw = 0.80 •
For weld metal in complete penetration welds:
• Shear on effective area ϕe1 = 0.85
• Tension or compression normal to effective area same as base metal
• Tension or compression parallel to axis of weld same as base metal
For weld metal in partial penetration welds: •
• Shear parallel to axis of weld ϕe2 = 0.80 •
• Tension or compression parallel to axis of weld same as base metal •
• Compression normal to the effective area same as base metal •
• Tension normal to the effective area ϕe1 = 0.80 •
For weld metal in fillet welds: •
• Tension or compression parallel to axis of weld same as base metal •
• Shear in throat of weld metal ϕe2 = 0.80 •
• For resistance during pile driving ϕ = 1.00 •
For axial resistance of piles in compression and subject to damage due to
serve driving conditions where use of a pile tip is necessary: •
• H-piles ϕc = 0.50 • Pipe piles ϕc = 0.60 Slab–Steel Girder Bridges 709 •
For axial resistance of piles in compression under good driving conditions
where use of a pile tip is not necessary: •
• H-piles ϕc = 0.60 •
• Pipe piles ϕc = 0.70 •
For combined axial and flexural resistance of undamaged piles:
• Axial resistance for H-piles ϕc = 0.70 •
• Axial resistance for pipe piles ϕc = 0.80 •
• Flexural resistance ϕf = 1.00 •
For shear connectors in tension ϕst = 0.75
DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR
FLEXURAL MEMBER
General Format for LRFD Specifications for
Steel Superstructures
• I-sections are the most commonly used flexural
members used for building slab–steel beam highway
bridges. General provisions for the design of I-section
flexural members are specified in LRFD Art. 6.10.
These provisions apply to flexure of both rolled and
fabricated (i.e., built-up girders such as plate girders);
straight, kinked (chorded), or continuous; or
horizontally curved steel I-section members
symmetrical about the vertical axis through the web.
They also apply to the design of noncomposite and
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN OF I-
SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS ARE STATED IN ART.
6.10.1, WHICH SPECIFIES THAT ALL TYPES OF I-
SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS MUST BE DESIGNED
TO SATISFY, AS A MINIMUM, THE FOLLOWING
REQUIREMENTS:

• 1. The cross-section proportion limits specified in Art. 6.10.2

• 2. The constructability requirements specified in Art. 6.10.3 (Figure 6.17)
• 3. The service limit state requirements specified in Art. 6.10.4 (Figure 6.18)
• 4. The fatigue and fracture limit state requirements specified in Art. 6.10.5
(Figure 6.19)
• 5. The strength limit state requirements specified in Art. 6.10.6 (Figure 6.20)
CROSS-SECTION PROPORTION
LIMITS
MINIMUM METAL THICKNESS (LRFD ART. 7.7.3)
WEB PROPORTION LIMITS (LRFD 6.10.2.1)
FLANGE PROPORTION (LRFD ART. 6.10.2.2)
CONSTRUCTABILITY LIMITS
GENERAL
•Constructability issues are of concern for
all types of superstructures. These issues
should include, but not limited to,
considerations of deflection, strength of
steel and concrete, and stability during
critical stages of construction (Art.
2.5.3).
GENERAL
• Regardless of whether the construction is noncomposite or composite, the
girders should possess adequate strength to carry loads during construction,
particularly during pouring of deck concrete. Girders are the main load-carrying
members of a steel bridge superstructure. Art. 6.10.3.1 specifies that in addition
to providing adequate strength, nominal yielding or reliance on post-buckling
strength shall not be permitted for main load-carrying members during critical
stages of construction, except for yielding of hybrid sections. To ensure that the
girders possess the required strength, they must comply with the requirements
of Arts. 6.10.3.2 and 6.10.3.3 at critical stages of construction. For sections in
flexure that are composite in the final condition, but are noncomposite during
construction, provisions of Art. 6.10.4 must be satisfied. Buckling of
compression flange is a major concern during construction; therefore, it should
be properly braced as discussed in Section 6.10.8.2.3.
FATIGUE
FATIGUE
• Fatigue can be characterized as the initiation and/or
propagation of cracks due to a repeated variation of normal
stress with a tensile component. Fatigue life refers to number
of repeated stress cycles that result in fatigue failure of a detail.
Fatigue design life refers to number of years that a detail is
expected to resist the assumed traffic loads without fatigue
cracking; in the development of LRFD Specifications, it has been
taken as 75 years. Fatigue resistance refers to the maximum
stress range that can be sustained for a specified number of
cycles without failure of a detail.
FATIGUE
• The fatigue limit state criteria take into account the shear stress
range at the slab–girder interface and the number of cycles of
shear stress range for which the (welded) connection between
the shear connectors and the steel girders would not develop
fracture (i.e., cracks would not develop in the welds between the
connectors and the top flange of steel girders). The shear stress
range is the difference between the maximum and minimum
shear forces in the beam. The strength limit state takes into
account the limiting shear strength that the shear connectors
must possess to preclude the possibility of failing in shear.
FLEXURAL COMPOSITE
FLEXURAL RESISTANCE OF COMPOSITE AND
NONCOMPOSITE SECTIONS IN POSITIVE
FLEXURE: STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
NONCOMPACT SECTIONS
SHEAR RESISTANCE
GENERAL: SHEAR STRENGTH OF STEEL GIRDERS
GENERAL: SHEAR STRENGTH OF STEEL GIRDERS
SHEAR CONNECTORS
ROLE OF SHEAR CONNECTORS
TYPES AND SIZES OF SHEAR CONNECTORS
• While there are many types of shear connectors that are used in steel
construction to develop composite action between the slab and the
supporting steel girders (Figure 6.27), LRFD Specifications recognize
two types of shear connectors:

• 1. Headed studs (Figure 6.28).

• 2. Channel shear connectors (Figure 6.29)

ADDITIONAL TOPICS
STIFFENERS, COVER PLATES, FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS
STIFFENERS
COVER PLATES
FATIGUE AND FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF FATIGUE

Fatigue can be classified as

1.Load-induced fatigue
2.Distortion-induced fatigue
CLASSIFICATION OF FATIGUE