CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
-Start to look for References to determine
what materials are available in your topic.
-This will compromise your working
bibliography, a list of possible sources of
data.
-Aside from the library, computer websites
are also rich source of this list of references.
-A good number to start with would be 10
to 15 references.
You must prepare the following
for your RRLS.
o The Introductory Paragraph
oForeign Literature
oLocal Literature
oForeign Studies
oLocal Studies
SELECTING AND REVIEWING RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
o RRLS is helpful in knowing the ideas of others
interested in the research question, similar or
related to the study you are undertaking.
o It consists of discussions of facts and principles
to which your study is related.
Examples materials are;
Books, encyclopedias, journals, magazines, and,
newspapers from printed or online resources.
o If printed in the Philippines they are LOCAL.
o If printed outside of the country, they are
FOREIGN regardless of the citizenship of the
author.
o RRLS are inquiries, investigations, researches
already conducted to which your proposed
study is related or has some bearing.
o They are usually unpublished materials such
as manuscripts, theses, and, dissertations.
THREE THINGS MUST BE DONE IN THE
REVIEW
1. It should make a critical evaluation of the
studies and examine the appropriateness of
their research designs to the present study.
2. It should show how the methodology of the
previous study is replicated, modified, or
improved in the present study.
3. It should show how the present study will
contribute to existing literature and
studies.
 AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
FORMATTING AND
STYLE
ONE AUTHOR
ORDER:
(Last name, Year)
EXAMPLE:
According to Regala (1999)
…
(Regala, 1999)
TWO AUTHORS
ORDER:
(Author 1 and Author 2)
EXAMPLE:
Research by Wegener and
Petty (1994) supports…
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
THREE OR MORE AUTHORS
List only the first author’s name
followed by “et al.” In every citation,
even the first, unless doing so would
create ambiguity between different
sources.
EXAMPLE:
Kernis et al. (1993) suggest…
Kernis et al., (1993)
 ORGANIZATION AS AN
AUTHOR
EXAMPLE:
According to the American
Psychological Association
(2000)…
 TWO OR MORE WORKS IN
THE SAME PARENTHESIS
ORDER:
(Author, Year; Author, Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Brendt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
 WEBSITE
ORDER:
Author(s), Year of Publication, Page
title (Italics), URL address
EXAMPLE:
Benson, A. & Kipp, R. M. (2002).
Potamoprygus antipodarum. Retrieved
from
ttp://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.
asp?SpeciesID=1008
 WEBSITE
ORDER: No Author
Title of article in sentence case.
(Year, Month, Day). Title of
website, Newspaper or news
website in Mixed Case and
Italics. Retrieved from (URL
address)
 ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE
ORDER:
Author(s), Year of Publication, Article title (not in
Italics), Volume number (in Italics), Issue number,
Page number range of the article (if available),
URL or journal home page
EXAMPLE:
Hsing, Y., Baraya, A., & Budden, M. (2005).
Macroeconomic policies and economic growth:
The case of Costa Rica. Journal of Applied
Business Research, 21(2), 105-112. Retrieved from
http://journals.cuteonline.com/index.php/JABR/
 JOURNAL ARTICLE
ORDER: Author(s), Year of Publication,
Article title (not in Italics), Journal name
(In Italics), Volume number (In Italics),
Issue number and the page number range
of the article.
EXAMPLE:
Castles, F. G., J. C., & Vowles, J. (2006).
Public policy in Australia and New
Zealand: The new global context. Australia
Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 131-143.
 BOOK
ORDER:
Author(s), Year of Publication,
Book title (in Italics), Subtitle
(optional), City of Publication:
Publisher name.
EXAMPLE:
Durie, M. (2003). Nga Kahui pou:
Launching Maori futures.
 THESIS DISSERTATION
ORDER:
Author(s), Year of Publication, Book Title (in
Italics), Name of Instituition, Location.
EXAMPLE:
Sabbagh, S. A. (2009). Investigating Oral
Presentation skills and Non-Verbal
Communication techniques in UAE Classrooms:
A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other
languages (Master’s Thesis). American
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates.