Sentence structure for Translation

Analysis

By:
Diba Artsiyanti E.P.
Simple Sentence
• A simple sentence is one independent
clause. In written form, it starts with a capital
letter and ends with period.
 should consist at least one subject and one
verb (or to be + adjective/noun)
S+V+O+C
Example:
The patient visited the clinic yesterday
She is a doctor
Subjects, Verbs, and
Objects
• Subject  who or what did something  noun or pronoun,
including noun phrase
– Verb cannot be used as a subject  gerund
• Verb  tells an action or links the subject with the rest of the
sentence
– Action verb: run, write, look
– Linking verbs: to be, become, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, and taste
• Object  not all sentences have objects affected by verbs
– Direct object
– Indirect object
Example: She gave me the book.
• Complement complete the sentence
Example: She gave me the book yesterday
Parts of speech
• Nouns  name a person, place, or things (dog, tree, book, etc)
• Pronouns  take the place of a noun (he, she, it, John, Mary, etc)
• Verbs  express actions or link to other parts of sentence (see,
look, hear, etc)
• Adjectives  describe a noun of pronoun (slow, big, round, etc)
• Adverbs  describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
(slowly, desperately, etc)
• Prepositions  placed before a noun or pronoun to create a
phrase that relates to other parts of the sentence (in, on, at, to)
• Conjunctions  Join words or other sentence elements  show
relationship (and, but, since, if, etc)  later described as
coordinators, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinators
• Interjection  show surprise or emotion (wow, hey, etc)
Compound and Complex
Sentences
 Clause

-Building blocks of a sentence  at

least consist of a subject and a verb

-Used for creating compound, complex,

and compound complex sentences
 Clause (cont.)
• Types of clause:
– Independent : S + Verb/to be + (complement)
• Examples:
– Water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones
– He ran away
– Dependent: (subordinator) + S + Verb/to be+
(complement)
• Examples:
» .....when the patient visited the clinic
» .....after the blood sample was subjected to the test
Compound Sentence
• A compound sentence is two or more independent
clauses joined together using:
– A coordinator:
Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater,
so food cooks faster in salt water
– A conjunctive adverb:
Salt water boils at a higher temperatur than freshwater;
therefore, food cooks faster in salt water.
– A semicolon:  only when the two independent clauses
are closely related in meaning
Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater;
food cooks faster in salt water
 Coordinators
Coordinator Function
For To add a reason
And To add a similar, equal idea
Nor To add a negative equal idea
But To add an opposite idea
Or To add an alternative possibility
Yet To add an unexpected or surprising continuation
So To add an expected result
 Conjunctive adverbs
Function
To add a similar, equal idea
To add an unexpected or
surprising continuation
To add a complete contrast
To give an alternative possibility otherwise
To add an expected result
To add an example
Conjuctive adverb
also, besides, furthermore, in addition,
moreover, as well, too
however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still
on the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary
accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence,
therefore, thus
for example, for instance
Exercise
• The patient wanted to see the doctor
• The patient experienced pain in the
stomach

Exercise
• Her condition improved yesterday
• She died this morning

Complex Sentence
• A complex sentence contains one
independent clause and one (or more)
dependent clause:
Examples:
• A citizen can vote in Indonesia when he or
she is 17 years old
• Men who are not married are called
bachelors
• The doctor wanted to know what illness is
suffered by the patient
• The film Lawrence of Arabia is three hours
 List of some subordinators
After Even though Unless Which
Although How Until While
As, just as If What Who
As if Since When whom
As soon as So that Whenever
Because That Wherever
Before Though Whether
Exercise
• I need to see the doctor
• The doctor is sitting there


Compound Complex
Sentence
• A compound-complex sentence has
at least three clauses with at least
two are independent clauses
Example:
I wanted to travel after I graduated
from college, but I had to go to work
immediately because I had to support
my family.
 Exercise
The Court has noted the Government’s
submissions concerning its strongly held
conviction that Özgür Gündem and its staff
supported the PKK and acted as its
propaganda tool.
This does not, even if true, provide a
justification for failing to take steps
effectively to investigate and, where
necessary, provide protection against
unlawful acts involving violence.
Noun Phrase for
Nominalization
Components of the noun phrase
patients
Those few pediatric
feverish patients who feverish
visited the clinic patients
Head
Qualifier Classifier
Noun
phrase
Determiner Describer

those few Quantifier pediatric

pediatric feverish feverish
patients patients
a few pediatric feverish
patients
 Instead of writing….

• Several pediatric patients visited the

clinic from March to April 2017.
• They were presented with fever.
• These patients were recruited in the
study.
 Write…..

Several pediatric patients visited the

clinic during the period of March to April
2017 were recruited in this study.
 Tenses

I study I had studied

I am studying I had been studying
I have studied I will study
I have been studying I am going to study
I studied I will be studying
I was studying I will have been studying
PARAPHRASING
 Paraphrase
• A statement that says something that
another person has said or written in a
different way (Webster)
• A restatement of the meaning of a text or
passage using other words (Wikipedia)
Thus...
Paraphrasing is putting a passage from an
author into “your own words.” 
Paraphrasing from a single source

• Reread the original passage until you

understand its full meaning.
• Set the original aside, and write your
paraphrase on a note card.
• At the top of the note card, write a
key word or phrase to indicate the
subject of your paraphrase and the
source for easy reference
Paraphrasing from a single source

• Check your rendition with the original

to make sure that your version
accurately expresses all the essential
information in a new form.
• Use quotation marks to identify any
unique term or phraseology you have
borrowed exactly from the source.

Paraphrasing Example
Original
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in
taking notes, and as a result they overuse
quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably
only about 10% of your final manuscript should
appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the amount of exact
transcribing of source materials while taking
notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research
Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
Acceptable paraphrase
Students should take just a few notes in direct
quotation from sources to help minimize the
amount of quoted material in a research paper
(Lester 46-47).
 
Example
Legitimate paraphrase
In research papers students often quote
excessively, failing to keep quoted material down
to a desirable level. Since the problem usually
originates during note taking, it is essential to
minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester
46-47).
 
Plagiarized paraphrase
Students often use too many direct quotations
when they take notes, resulting in too many of
them in the final research paper. In fact, probably
only about 10% of the final copy should consist of
directly quoted material. So it is important to limit
the amount of source material copied while taking
notes.
Paraphrasing from multi sources

• Collect the sources and organize

them chronologically
• Create a matrix to see the similar
theme
• Write your conclusion from the matrix
in one good sentence
 Sample Matrix
Topic Catford Larson 1984 Newmark Nida & Taber
1964 1988 2004

Definition of An operation transferring the meaning Rendering the reproducing in

Translation performed on of the source language meaning of a text the receptor
languages: a into the receptor into another language the
process of language. This is done by language in the closest natural
substituting a going from the form of the way that the equivalent of the
text in one first language to the form author intended source-language
language for of the second language the text message, first in
a text in by way of semantic terms of meaning
another. structure. It is the Keywords: the and secondly in
meaning which is being way the author terms of style
Keywords: transferred and must be intended the text
substitute text held constant, as Keywords:
in one meaning is a variable of equivalent in
language to greatest importance in a meaning, and
another translation process. then style

Keywords: meaning must

be held constant
 Paraphrased Definition of Translation

Translation is a process of replacing a text

in one language with another language
while preserving the meaning to be
conveyed in that text as intended by the
author (Catford 1964, Larson 1984,
Newmark 1988). In addition to the meaning,
the style should also be transferred to
achieve the closest equivalent of the
original text (Nida & Taber 2004).
MANUSCRIPT CONTENTS
 Writing Abstract
Background
Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated
independently with morbidity and mortality. Physical activity
attenuates these risks. We examined trends in obesity,
abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US
adults from 1988 to 2010.

Methods
Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.
 Writing Abstract (cont.)
Results
Average body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.37% (95% confidence
interval [CI], 0.30-0.44) per year in both women and men. Average waist
circumference increased by 0.37% (95% CI, 0.30-0.43) and 0.27% (95%
CI, 0.22-0.32) per year in women and men, respectively. The prevalence
of obesity and abdominal obesity increased substantially, as did the
prevalence of abdominal obesity among overweight adults. Younger
women experienced the greatest increases. The proportion of adults who
reported no leisure-time physical activity increased from 19.1% (95% CI,
17.3-21.0) to 51.7% (95% CI, 48.9-54.5) in women, and from 11.4% (95%
CI, 10.0-12.8) to 43.5% (95% CI, 40.7-46.3) in men. Average daily caloric
intake did not change significantly. BMI and waist circumference trends
were associated with physical activity level but not caloric intake. The
associated changes in adjusted BMIs were 8.3% (95% CI, 6.9-9.6) higher
among women and 1.7% (95% CI, 0.68-2.8) higher among men with no
leisure-time physical activity compared with those with an ideal level of
leisure-time physical activity.
 Writing Abstract (cont.)
Conclusions
Our analyses highlight important
dimensions of the public health
problem of obesity, including trends
in younger women and in abdominal
obesity, and lend support to the
emphasis placed on physical activity
by the Institute of Medicine.
 Writing Introduction
• Introduction
– Only about 10% of the whole manuscript
– Contain background, topic, and purpose
– Describe problem in general terms
– Defines key words and concepts used in the
article
– Use logical order: chronological, logical division
of ideas, comparison/contrast paragraph
– Use good paraphrasing:
• Own words and sentence structure
• No change in the meaning (as is in the original)
Paragraph Development
• Only discuss one idea
• Must have:
– a topic sentence:
• A complete sentence
• Include a topic and a controlling idea
Example: The rise of the disease is due to several factors.
• The most general statement in the paragraph
– supporting sentences
• Explain or prove the topic sentence.
• Are specific and factual
• Can be examples, statistics, or quotations
– some has a concluding sentence
• Signal the end of the paragraph
• Summarize the paragraph
 Logical Order
• Chronological order : by time – sequence,
e.g. Laboratory procedures
• Logical division of ideas: a topic is divided
into parts and each part is discussed
separately
• Comparison/contrast paragraph:
similarities and/or differences between two
or more items are described
 Writing Methods
– Materials
– Material preparation
– Procedure
– Sampling method (incl. Sample size
– Statistical method (quantitative)/method
of analysis (qualitative)
– Use direct and precise sentences
 Writing Results
– Link with the purpose of the study (research
question/s)
– Tables/graphs relevant with results of the study
 important
– Do not re-tell table contents in the narratives 
narratives clarify information in the
tables/graphs
 Writing Discussion

– Explain whether the hypotheses are

accepted/rejected and the reasons why
– Interpretation of findings
– Agreement/disagreement with previous/other
studies with proper referencing
– Reasons for disagreement
 Writing Conclusion

– Summary and a thoughtful end of article

– Fit the rest of the article (purpose, result,
etc.)
– Does not include completely new ideas
TRANSLATING MANUSCRIPT
 Steps in Translation
• Analysis

• Transfer

• Restructuring
 Analysis
• Indonesian-English: see the timing and
manner of the sentence tenses
• Recognize the structure: simple,
compound, complex?
• Recognize the subject and verb for each
sentence or clause
• If the sentence is too complex, divide the
clauses into simple sentences and
determine the relationship (cause and
effect, etc.)
 Example
Penelitian ini akan menilai apakah
insentif uang yang ditawarkan kepada
WPS di Tanah Papua untuk tetap bebas
IMS dapat menyebabkan penurunan
berkelanjutan dalam pengambilan risiko
seksual dan kejadian IMS yang, jika
dicapai, seharusnya juga mengarah
pada berkurangnya kejadian HIV. 
 Analysis Example
• Penelitian ini akan menilai (hal-hal berikut)
• (apakah) Insentif uang ditawarkan kepada
WPS di tanah Papua
• Insentif diberikan untuk tetap bebas dari IMS
• Insentif dapat menyebabkan penurunan
berkelanjutan dalam pengambilan risiko
seksual dan kejadian IMS
• (yang) Jika (tujuan tsb.) tercapai seharusnya
kejadian HIV berkurang
 Transfer
• Transfer the meaning of the words
into their equivalents in the target
language
• Pay attention to connotative
meanings, irony, phrasal verbs,
idioms, proverbs, specific terms.
• Pay attention to collocation and
appropriateness of the equivalents in
the target language
 Transfer Example (1)
• Penelitian ini akan menilai (hal-hal
berikut) – This study will assess (the
followings)
• (apakah) Insentif uang ditawarkan
kepada WPS di tanah Papua --
(whether) cash incentive is offered to
FSWs in Papua
• Insentif diberikan untuk tetap bebas
dari IMS – Incentive is given to stay
free form STIs
 Transfer Example (2)
• Insentif dapat menyebabkan penurunan
berkelanjutan dalam pengambilan risiko
seksual dan kejadian IMS – incentive
may/will lead to continual reduction of
sexual risk taking and incidence of STIs
• (yang) Jika (tujuan tsb.) tercapai
seharusnya kejadian HIV berkurang –
(which) if (the objective) is achieved
should lead to reduced incidence of HIV
 Restructuring
• Grammar of the target language

• Check the style

• Check the flow

 Restructuring Example
• Tense: Simple future tense, simple present
tense
– This study will assess (the followings)
– (whether) the cash incentive is offered to FSWs in
Papua
– Incentive is given to stay free form STIs
– incentive may/will lead to continual reduction of
sexual risk taking and incidence of STIs
– (which) if (the objective) is achieved should lead to
reduced incidence of HIV
 Restructuring Example (2)
– This study will assess (the followings)
– (whether) cash incentive is offered to
FSWs in Papua
– Incentive is given to stay free form STIs


–This study will assess
–(whether ) cash incentive is offered to
FSW in Papua to stay free from STIs
 Restructuring Example (3)
– incentive may/will lead to continual
reduction of sexual risk taking and
incidence of STIs
– (which) if (the objective) is achieved
should lead to reduced incidence of HIV

Incentive will lead to continual reduction of
sexual risk taking and incidence of STIs
that should, if achieved, lead to reduced
incidence of HIV
 Restructuring Example (3)
–This study will assess
–(whether ) cash incentive is offered to FSW s in
Papua to stay free from STIs
–Incentive will lead to continual reduction of sexual
risk taking and incidence of STIs that should , if
achieved, lead to reduced incidence of HIV

This study will assess whether the cash incentive
offered to FSWs in Papua to stay free from STIs will
lead to continual reduction of sexual risk taking and
incidence of STIs that should, if achieved, lead to
reduced HIV incidence
• Penelitian ini akan menilai apakah insentif uang
yang ditawarkan kepada WPS di Tanah Papua
untuk tetap bebas IMS dapat menyebabkan
penurunan berkelanjutan dalam pengambilan
risiko seksual dan kejadian IMS yang, jika dicapai,
seharusnya juga mengarah pada berkurangnya
kejadian HIV. 

• This study will assess whether the cash incentive

offered to FSWs in Papua to stay free from STIs
will lead to continual reduction of sexual risk taking
and incidence of STIs that should, if achieved, lead
to reduced HIV incidence
Final Check Before Submission
• The manuscript has been spell-checked and grammar-
checked.
• References are in the correct format, composition
(80% of references are journals), year (last 10 years),
for the journal.
• All references mentioned in the reference list are cited
in the text, and vice versa.
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted
material from other sources (including the Web).
• All institution names use their formal names (or
translation if the original is in Bahasa Indonesia)
THANK YOU