Basics of IEEE

Referencing
System
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Manual of Style

Maria Azela L. Tamayo, PhD

Associate Professor IV
College of Arts and Sciences
 The Fundamental Principles of Good
Writing: Documentation

 borrowing information from various sources

is not only an option – it is a necessity

 one walks the fine line between the proper

documentation/attribution of sources and
plagiarism
 Plagiarism

the presentation of the thoughts or works of

another as one’s own
This includes:
copying works or ideas from someone else without
giving credit/acknowledgment
working with others without permission and
presenting the resulting work as though it was
completed independently
 PLAGIARISM INCLUDES

 using another’s production without

crediting the source to commit literary
theft
 presenting as new and original an idea or
product derived from an existing source
 failing to put a quotation in quotation
marks
PLAGIARISM INCLUDES
 giving wrong information about the
source of a quotation
 submitting work already submitted
before in a previous semester or for a
different subject
 turning in another’s work as your own
 helping someone else to plagiarize
 Intellectual Property Rights

 sometimes used to refer to the legal

protection afforded to owners of
intellectual capital (their ideas), e.g.,
books, articles, plays, music, internet
info (copyright laws)
 usually extends itself to include the use
of the ideas of others for the purpose of
profiting from it
Changing the words of an original
source is not enough!!!!

BEWARE!!!! If you have changed the

words, but maintained the basic idea
AND have failed to cite the original
source,
you have still plagiarized!

www.turnitin.com
WHY IS PLAGIARISM AN ISSUE?

1. (Academically) Dishonest
2. Fraudulent (Cheating)
3. Stealing (Intellectual Ownership –
copyright)
4. Misrepresentation
5. Deception
 CONSEQUENCES

 Financial penalty
 Cheating (honesty policies)
 Possible legal action (civil suits)
 Disgrace - methods used to detect (plagiarism
detection programs)
 Distrust of research - Increased plagiarism in
academic environments
 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
 Begin work with an outline to guide research.
 Consider that for copyrighted material permission
MUST be obtained.
 Remember that not all Internet information is free to
use.
 Be sure that you are not ‘copying’ another’s in any
way. The work must be a reflection of your work and
your ideas. That way it’s YOUR article/thesis.
 Know how to include quotations and facts.
 Include your bibliography or reference list
 The most important point to
remember when trying to avoid
plagiarism in any work is that YOUR
IDEAS MUST BE YOUR OWN.

It is fine to include the ideas of others if

they are thoroughly documented and
given credit. However, it is not
acceptable to simply use their ideas in a
paraphrased way that restates ‘their’
ideas--not yours.
What is Referencing?

Standardized method of
acknowledging sources of
information and ideas that are used
in an assignment in a way that
uniquely identifies its source
Purpose of Referencing
 To accurately identify source material for key
concepts and ideas
 To use the authority of a key source to support
your ideas
 To demonstrate broad understanding and
familiarity with the field
 To direct interested readers to the original
sources
 To acknowledge the source of others work
 Why do we Reference?
 To avoid plagiarism accusations
 To display a knowledge of current literature
 To contrast different approaches or results from
previous studies
 To demonstrate support for your ideas, opinions
and point of view
 To provide examples or evidence to support own
research
 To allow readers to follow-up and read cited
author’s argument
 When do we Reference?
Any material extracted directly from another source without
alteration must be referenced.
 This includes:
 Quoted text or equations (direct quotations)
 Facts, ideas and theories – not common knowledge
 Figures, schematics, tables
 Information rewritten in your own words
(paraphrase)
 Source code (software or simulations)
 Hardware details
From books, journals, Internet, videos, radio, TV, lecture
notes
Purpose of IEEE Style

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE) Style is used primarily
for publications in engineering,
electronics, telecommunications,
computer science and information
technology.
There are two main features of IEEE system:
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) Reference Style

1. In Text Citation

The major difference between IEEE and

other styles is that IEEE style encloses
citation numbers within the text of a
paper in square brackets [1]  rather than
1
as superscripts   or in bracketed form
(Jones 98)
 Author-Name Substitution

Reference numbers are used to replace the

names of authors, where possible.

However, there is an exception. If citing a theory,

e.g., one should definitely give the name of the
person to whom the theory is ascribed. (e.g.,
Newton, Einstein)
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) Reference Style

In Text Citation
e.g.
One technical writer seems to think,
even though IEEE is not an easy style to
learn, it is the most useful for prospective
engineers to embrace [1].
 Citation Placement

 The note numbers must be placed

directly after the reference as opposed
to the end of a sentence or clause,
unless it would normally fall there.

 Final punctuation should be placed

outside of the square brackets.
 IEEE Referencing System
 Author names need not be mentioned.
 If there are 3 or more authors, you may use et al.
 If they are to be mentioned:
 Up to six authors can be mentioned in the text
 Only the first author is preferable - followed by et al.
 E.g. “In [4], Jones, Watson and Harris defined …”
 E.g. “In [3], Clark et al. demonstrated that …”
 Do not include source titles, dates, etc. in the text.
 IEEE Referencing System
 To cite more than 1 source:
 [1], [2], [6] or [1, 2, 6]
 [6] – [15] or [6 – 15]
 Citations should be in plain font :-
 No text formatting such as
Superscript/Subscript/Italics
NOTE: Use the reference number right after its first
use; do not put it after every sentence in a paragraph
unless you introduce other material between the first
reference within the paragraph and its end.
 Citing a source within a source (citing a
secondary source)
 In some referencing styles,
such as author/date the writer
would acknowledge the
original work in the in-text
citation.
 For example: Anderson and
Gray's study of the auditory
perception of pitch in the
voice (as cited in Mcardle,
1985) proved...

However, IEEE requires the

writer to go to the original
source and cite the original
source.
 Multiple References

 If there is a sequence of three or more citations in

a reference, a single range should be used with a
hyphen to separate the numbers.
e.g.
“Similar conclusions were reached by [3],[4],[5].”
might be: ...were reached by [3-5].”
 Now we come to the reference list:
General Characteristics of IEEE reference list

 the square bracketed reference

numbers are set flush left and
form a column of their own,
hanging out beyond the body of
the reference
 every (important) word in the
title of a book, journal or
conference must be capitalized
 capitalize only the first word of
the title of an article, paper,
thesis or book chapter
 2. Reference List

 List of sources at the end of the work

 All sources used in your assignment
 In numerical not alphabetical order
 Double space within and between entries
 Indent text after entry 2 or 3 spaces to right of
closing square bracket.
 Appendices: Each appendix should have its on
reference list.
 IEEE Referencing System
 References (including equations) are
numbered according to the order that they
are cited in the text. Punctuation occurs
after the notation.
 Sources have the same number throughout
the document.
 Some remarkable elements

 In numerical order – i.e., the order of citation is NOT

alphabetical. The author name is first name (or initial)
and last. This differs from other styles where author's
last name is first.
 First word and significant words in
article titles, papers, theses must be
capitalized
 The title of an article (or chapter, conference
paper, patent, etc.) is in quotation marks.
 The title of the book or journal is in italics.
 to indicate a page range, use pp. but only p. for
one page;
 Name all authors and use only initials for first
names; use the entire word “and” before the last
name of multiple authors.
 Double space both within and between entries.
Referencing – Books (IEEE)
[Citation Numbers]  Author's Name, Title of
book[, edition, editors, translators]. Location:
Publisher, Date.

IEEE style encloses citation numbers within the

text of a paper in square brackets [1]  rather than
as superscripts1.  Each citation number in the
reference list is also enclosed in square brackets.
 Referencing Books –Single Author

 First initial and last name

[3] D. Jones, Technical Writing Style,

Toronto: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. 
 Referencing Books
Multiple Authors
 For each author, use initials followed by surname.
 List the authors in the order given in the source.

[7] D. Beer, R.F. Martin, and P. Fingle, Photosensory

Transduction, New York: Willey, 1993. 

*Note that commas go between each name, and also

that "and" comes before the last name in the list.
 Referencing Books (IEEE)

 Date: 1997. "n.d." [for "no date"]

 Enter ONLY the year

 If the source gives several dates, use the
most recent one.
 Book Title: Enter the full title, as given on
the copyright page
 Capitalize all words in the title, except for
"of," "and," "for," "in" etc.
Referencing – Journals (IEEE)

 [Citation Number] Author name[s],

“article title,” Journal Title, volume
number, issue number, month
(abbrv.), pages, publication year.
 Referencing Journals cont.
(IEEE)

 Only include information pertinent to your

source.  For example, many professional and
academic journals do not have an issue
month. In that case, or when it seems
unnecessary, do not include it in your citation.

[1] K.A. Nelson, R.J. Dwayne Miller, D.R. Lutz, and

M.D. Fayer,  "Optical generation of turntable
ultrasonic waves," Journal of Applied Physics,
vol. 53, no. 2, Feb., pp. 1144-1149.
 Referencing – E- Sources (IEEE)

 Give the author, title, type of medium (enclosed in

brackets), volume and issue number (if on-line
journal), page number (if relevant or given), and
the year and the month of publication (in
parentheses). 

 Then give the full internet address or the name of

the online service provider prefaced by "Available
at ".  If not an on-line journal, also put [cited year
month day] before "Available at".
 Referencing – E- Sources (IEEE)

EXAMPLES

[10] A. Harnack and G. Kleppinger, "Beyond the MLA

Handbook: Documenting Electronic Sources on the
Internet." Kairos, [Online serial] 1 (2), (1996 Sum),
Available at HTTP: http://English.ttu.edu.Kairos/1.2/

[11] P. Curtis, "Mudding: Social Phenomena in text-

based virtual realities," [Online document] Aug.
1992, [1996 Aug 30], Available at FTP:
parcftp.xerox.com/pub/MOO/papers/DIAC921992
 Referencing – E-Journals

[#] A. Author, "Title of Article," Title of Journal, vol., no.,

p. page numbers, month year. [Format]. Available:
Database Name (if appropriate), internet address.
[Accessed: date of access].

 Example:
[3]J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An
assessment of feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron
Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959
 Internet documents

[#] A. Author, "Document title, "Webpage name, Source/production

information, Date of internet publication. [Format]. Available: internet
address. [Accessed: Date of access].

Example:

[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video

Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial
services; transmission aspects,” European Telecommunications
Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190, 1997. [Online]. Available:
http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].
 Book Chapter

[#] A. A. Author of Part, "Title of chapter or part," in Title: Subtitle of

book, Edition, Vol., A. Editor, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher,
Year, pp. inclusive page numbers.

[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing

by means of transformations, " in Control and Dynamic
Systems, Vol. 69, Multidimensional Systems, C. T.
Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-
180.
 Conference Proceedings
 Conference Paper form the Internet
[#] A. Author of  Paper and B. Author of Paper,  "Title of paper," in
Proceedings of the Title of Conference: Subtitle of conference, Month
Date, Year, Location. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Available:
Database Name (if appropriate), internet address. [Accessed: date of
access].

Conference Proceedings

[#] A. Editor and B. Editor, Eds., Title of Conference: Subtitle of

conference, Month Date, Year, Location. Place of publication:
Name of  Publisher, Year.
 Online Video

 Reference list:
[34] YouTube. “Tutorial on Setting up
LaTeX”. Youtube.com. [Online]. Available at
http://www.youtubecom/ watch?
v=jt8_7IRaETw [Accessed: 20 March 2012].
 Personal Communications
 Personal communications encompass
conversations, letters, interviews, e-mails and
telephone conversations.

IEEE style states that you cite only

published works, forthcoming published
works, and unpublished materials available to
scholars in a library, a depository, or an archive.
 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

 For interviews or other "non-recoverable"

information, no citation number is necessary. This
does not mean that an attempt to identify the author is
unnecessary, but that it needs to be done in the text
itself.

"In a personal interview with Bill Gates, he suggested that

he would soon rule the world.”

"In a letter to the author, Professor Mueller detailed his

experiences with using this data collection software."
 Test your understanding:
True or False?

1. In the in-text references, references are numbered [1] in the

order of appearance in the article. T/F
2. In in-text referencing, we must mention Author’s first and
surname. T/F
3. In in-text referencing, we need to mention the date of
publication for the article. T/F
4. In the reference list, we use pp. to indicate a range of pages,
not just a specific page. T/F
5. In both in-text referencing & the reference list, the title of
an article (or chapter, conference paper, patent, etc.) is in
quotation marks.
6. In both in-text referencing & the reference list, the title of
the book or journal is underlined.
References:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
http://www.wooster.edu/psychology/apa-crib.html

http://www.m-w.com/
http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ieee.html
http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/cite/ieee/
http://www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/handbook-d
ocum1b.html
Thank you for listening!