Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program (Eteeap)

Manuel S.
Enverga University Foundation

Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program

(ETEEAP)
Research # 3:
Networks Laws & Theorem
Electrical Circuits 1
Submitted to:
Engr Mark Anthony Lopez

Professor
Submitted by:
Noel L. Nantes
BSEE - ETEEAP
Date of Submission:
24 November 2019
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENNT
University Site, Red-V, Lucena City, Philippines; Tel No. (042) 373-6067; Fax No. 373-6065 www.mseuf.edu.ph
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Kirchhoffs Circuit Law
Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws allow us to solve complex circuit problems by defining a set of basic
network laws and theorems for the voltages and currents around a circuit.
We saw in the Resistors tutorial that a single equivalent resistance, ( RT ) can be found when two
or more resistors are connected together in either series, parallel or combinations of both, and
that these circuits obey Ohm’s Law.
However, sometimes in complex circuits such as bridge or T networks, we can not simply use
Ohm’s Law alone to find the voltages or currents circulating within the circuit. For these types of
calculations we need certain rules which allow us to obtain the circuit equations and for this we
can use Kirchhoffs Circuit Law.
In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a pair or set of rules or laws which
deal with the conservation of current and energy within electrical circuits. These two rules are
commonly known as: Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws with one of Kirchhoffs laws dealing with the
current flowing around a closed circuit, Kirchhoffs Current Law, (KCL) while the other law
deals with the voltage sources present in a closed circuit, Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, (KVL).
Kirchhoffs First Law – The Current Law, (KCL)

Kirchhoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or charge entering a junction or
node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to
leave, as no charge is lost within the node“. In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the
currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by
Kirchhoff is commonly known as the Conservation of Charge.
Kirchhoffs Current Law
Here, the three currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and the two currents
leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value. Then this means we can also rewrite the
equation as;
I1 + I2 + I3 – I4 – I5 = 0
The term Node in an electrical circuit generally refers to a connection or junction of two or more
current carrying paths or elements such as cables and components. Also for current to flow either
in or out of a node a closed circuit path must exist. We can use Kirchhoff’s current law when
analysing parallel circuits.
Kirchhoffs Second Law – The Voltage Law, (KVL)

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any closed loop network, the total voltage
around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop” which is also
equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to
zero. This idea by Kirchhoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting the direction of all the
voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning back to the same starting point. It is
important to maintain the same direction either clockwise or anti-clockwise or the final voltage
sum will not be equal to zero. We can use Kirchhoff’s voltage law when analysing series circuits.
When analysing either DC circuits or AC circuits using Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws a number of
definitions and terminologies are used to describe the parts of the circuit being analysed such as:
node, paths, branches, loops and meshes. These terms are used frequently in circuit analysis so it
is important to understand them.
Common DC Circuit Theory Terms:

 • Circuit – a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an electrical current flows.
 • Path – a single line of connecting elements or sources.
 • Node – a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit were two or more
circuit elements are connected or joined together giving a connection point between two or
more branches. A node is indicated by a dot.
 • Branch – a branch is a single or group of components such as resistors or a source which
are connected between two nodes.
 • Loop – a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit element or node is
encountered more than once.
 • Mesh – a mesh is a single open loop that does not have a closed path. There are no
components inside a mesh.

Note that:
Components are said to be connected together in Series if the same current value flows
through all the components.
Components are said to be connected together in Parallel if they have the same voltage applied
across them.
A Typical DC Circuit
Kirchhoffs Circuit Law Example No1

Find the current flowing in the 40Ω Resistor, R3

The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.
Using Kirchhoffs Current Law, KCL the equations are given as:
At node A : I1 + I2 = I3
At node B : I3 = I1 + I2
Using Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as:
Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R1 I1 + R3 I3 = 10I1 + 40I3
Loop 2 is given as : 20 = R2 I2 + R3 I3 = 20I2 + 40I3
Loop 3 is given as : 10 – 20 = 10I1 – 20I2
As I3 is the sum of I1 + I2 we can rewrite the equations as;
Eq. No 1 : 10 = 10I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 50I1 + 40I2
Eq. No 2 : 20 = 20I2 + 40(I1 + I2) = 40I1 + 60I2
We now have two “Simultaneous Equations” that can be reduced to give us the values
of I1 and I2
Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143 Amps
Substitution of I2 in terms of I1 gives us the value of I2 as +0.429 Amps
As : I3 = I1 + I2
The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as : -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps
and the voltage across the resistor R3 is given as : 0.286 x 40 = 11.44 volts
The negative sign for I1 means that the direction of current flow initially chosen was wrong, but
never the less still valid. In fact, the 20v battery is charging the 10v battery.
Application of Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws

These two laws enable the Currents and Voltages in a circuit to be found, ie, the circuit is said to
be “Analysed”, and the basic procedure for using Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws is as follows:
 1. Assume all voltages and resistances are given. ( If not label them V1, V2,… R1, R2, etc.
)
 2. Label each branch with a branch current. ( I1, I2, I3 etc. )
 3. Find Kirchhoff’s first law equations for each node.
 4. Find Kirchhoff’s second law equations for each of the independent loops of the circuit.
 5. Use Linear simultaneous equations as required to find the unknown currents.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a simple
equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in series with a source voltage
Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several voltages and resistances
can be replaced by just one single voltage in series with a single resistance connected across the
load“. In other words, it is possible to simplify any electrical circuit, no matter how complex, to
an equivalent two-terminal circuit with just a single constant voltage source in series with a
resistance (or impedance) connected to a load as shown below.
Thevenin’s Theorem is especially useful in the circuit analysis of power or battery systems and
other interconnected resistive circuits where it will have an effect on the adjoining part of the
circuit.
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

As far as the load resistor RL is concerned, any complex “one-port” network
consisting of multiple resistive circuit elements and energy sources can be replaced by one single
equivalent resistance Rs and one single equivalent voltage Vs. Rs is the source resistance value
looking back into the circuit and Vs is the open circuit voltage at the terminals.
For example, consider the circuit from the previous tutorials.
Firstly, to analyse the circuit we have to remove the centre 40Ω load resistor connected across
the terminals A-B, and remove any internal resistance associated with the voltage source(s). This
is done by shorting out all the voltage sources connected to the circuit, that is v = 0, or open
circuit any connected current sources making i = 0. The reason for this is that we want to have an
ideal voltage source or an ideal current source for the circuit analysis.
The value of the equivalent resistance, Rs is found by calculating the total resistance looking
back from the terminals A and B with all the voltage sources shorted. We then get the following
circuit.
Find the Equivalent Resistance (Rs)
The voltage Vs is defined as the total voltage across the terminals A and B when there is an open
circuit between them. That is without the load resistor RL connected.
Find the Equivalent Voltage (Vs)
We now need to reconnect the two voltages back into the circuit, and as VS = VAB the current
flowing around the loop is calculated as:
This current of 0.33 amperes (330mA) is common to both resistors so the voltage drop across
the 20Ω resistor or the 10Ω resistor can be calculated as:
VAB = 20 – (20Ω x 0.33amps) = 13.33 volts.

or
VAB = 10 + (10Ω x 0.33amps) = 13.33 volts, the same.

Then the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit would consist or a series resistance
of 6.67Ω and a voltage source of 13.33v. With the 40Ω resistor connected back into the circuit
we get:
and from this the current flowing around the circuit is given as:
which again, is the same value of 0.286 amps, we found using Kirchhoff’s circuit law in the
previous circuit analysis tutorial.
Thevenin’s theorem can be used as another type of circuit analysis method and is particularly
useful in the analysis of complicated circuits consisting of one or more voltage or current source
and resistors that are arranged in the usual parallel and series connections.
While Thevenin’s circuit theorem can be described mathematically in terms of current and
voltage, it is not as powerful as Mesh Current Analysis or Nodal Voltage Analysis in larger
networks because the use of Mesh or Nodal analysis is usually necessary in any Thevenin
exercise, so it might as well be used from the start. However, Thevenin’s equivalent circuits of
Transistors, Voltage Sources such as batteries etc, are very useful in circuit design.
Thevenin’s Theorem Summary

We have seen here that Thevenin’s theorem is another type of circuit analysis tool that can be
used to reduce any complicated electrical network into a simple circuit consisting of a single
voltage source, Vs in series with a single resistor, Rs.
When looking back from terminals A and B, this single circuit behaves in exactly the same way
electrically as the complex circuit it replaces. That is the i-v relationships at terminals A-B are
identical.

The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem is as
follows:
 1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
 2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all the current sources.
 3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
 4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
Nortons Theorem
Nortons theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a simple
equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in parallel with a current source
Nortons Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several energy sources and
resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in parallel with a Single
Resistor“.
As far as the load resistance, RL is concerned this single resistance, RS is the value of the
resistance looking back into the network with all the current sources open circuited and IS is the
short circuit current at the output terminals as shown below.
Nortons equivalent circuit
The value of this “constant current” is one which would flow if the two output terminals where
shorted together while the source resistance would be measured looking back into the terminals,
(the same as Thevenin).
For example, consider our now familiar circuit from the previous section.
To find the Nortons equivalent of the above circuit we firstly have to remove the centre 40Ω load
resistor and short out the terminals A and B to give us the following circuit.
When the terminals A and B are shorted together the two resistors are connected in parallel
across their two respective voltage sources and the currents flowing through each resistor as well
as the total short circuit current can now be calculated as:
with A-B Shorted Out
If we short-out the two voltage sources and open circuit terminals A and B, the two resistors are
now effectively connected together in parallel. The value of the internal resistor Rs is found by
calculating the total resistance at the terminals A and B giving us the following circuit.
Find the Equivalent Resistance (Rs)
Having found both the short circuit current, Is and equivalent internal resistance, Rs this then
gives us the following Nortons equivalent circuit.
Nortons equivalent circuit
Ok, so far so good, but we now have to solve with the original 40Ω load resistor connected
across terminals A and B as shown below.
Again, the two resistors are connected in parallel across the terminals A and B which gives us a
total resistance of:
The voltage across the terminals A and B with the load resistor connected is given as:

Then the current flowing in the 40Ω load resistor can be found as:
Once again and using Nortons theorem, the value of current for I3 is still calculated
as 0.286 amps, which we found using Kirchhoff´s circuit law in the previous tutorials.
Nortons Theorem Summary

The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Nortons Theorem is as follows:
 1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
 2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all the current sources.
 3. Find IS by placing a shorting link on the output terminals A and B.
 4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
References:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html

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Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation

CHED CEB Res. 076-2009