Chapter 10 Network Theorems

10
Network Theorems
10.1 Thevenin’s theorem
According to this theorem, a linear bilateral two terminal network can be replaced by a
voltage source connected in series with an impedance.
The value of voltage source is equal to open circuited voltage across the terminals and
thevenin’s equivalent impedance is equal to the impedance seen across the open circuit
terminals.
Zth
A A
network
 Vth +
–
B
B
V th = Thevenin’s voltage
Z th = Thevenin’s impedance.
Case-1 : Circuit consisting of independent source only
In circuits with independent sources Vth and Zth are obtained as under,
Vth = Open circuited voltage seen across the terminals
Zth is obtained by using either of the following two techniques,:
I. Zth is obtained by replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with
open circuit.
VOC
II. Z th =
ISC
where VO C is the open circuit voltage through terminal and ISC is the short circuit current
through the terminal.
Example :
Find the thevenin’s equivalent across the terminals AB and hence calculate the current IL
and power PL in the 4 resistance shown in the circuit.
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Theorems NETWORK THEORY 2
2 j2 j2
A
IL
4
1000º ~ 4
j6
B
Solution :
Opening terminals AB for computing the thevenin’s equivalent we have
2 j2 j2
A
4
1000º ~
j6
B
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage

4  j6
V th =  1000
(2  j 2)  (4  j 6)
4  j6
= 6  8 j  100
Replacing 100 0° by Short circuit to obtain Zth ,

2 j2 j2
A
4
j6
B
(4  j 6)  (2  j 2)
Z th = j 2 
68j
 8 -12+ j(12 + 8) 
 Z th = j2 +  
 6 + j8 
  4  j 20 
 Z th = j 2   
 68j 
2  j10
Z th = j 2 
3 4 j
Redrawing the circuit.
Zth
IL
Vth ~ 4
Vth
IL =
Zth  4
2 + j3
×100
3 + j4
 IL =
–2 + j10
2j  +4
3 + 4j
(2 + 3j) ×100
 IL =
-8 + j6 - 2 + j10 + 12 + j16
(2 + 3j)
 IL = ×100
(2 + j32)
49
 | IL| =  100 = 11.24 A
4  1024
P L = | IL |2 × R
13
 PL =  (100)2  4 =505.83 W
1028
Case-II: Circuit with independent and dependent sources :
In circuits with independent and dependent sources Vth and Zth are obtained as under,
Vth = Open circuited voltage seen across the terminals
Zth is obtained by using either of the following two techniques,:
VOC
1. Z th =
ISC
where VO C is the open circuit voltage through terminal and ISC is the short circuit
current through the terminal.
2. In this method Zth is obtained by connecting a known voltage source across the terminals
withall other voltage sources replace by short circuit & current source by open circuit.
Zth in this case will be as under,
VX
Z th =
IX
Ix
+ Vx
network –
Where, IX is the current supplied by the source.

Example :
Determine thevenin’s equivalent reffers to the terminals A and B then calculate power fed
to 12 resistor.
VS 10 10
+ – A
8.8
4 20
100V +
–
14 12
0.136 VS
4 B
Solution :
Opening the terminals A and B to get Vth and Zth we have
From the left part of circuit
8.8
VS =  100 = 72.52 V
80
8.8 
24
Then from right side of circuit
V OC = V14 = 0.136 VS × 14
8.8
V OC = 0.136   100  14
80
8.8 
24
= 138.13 V
Short circuiting the terminals AB the circuit becomes as under,
+Vs 10 10 A
8.8 
4 20
+ 100V 14 Isc
– 0.136Vs
4 B
14
ISC = × 0.136 VS
14 + 14
 ISC = 0.068 VS
8.8
 ISC = 0.068   100 = 4.94A
80
8.8 
24
VOC 138.13
Z th = = = 28.01 
ISC 4.93
Thus thevenin equivalent circuit can be drawn as under,
IL
Vth 138.13 138.13

IL = = = A
Zth + R 28.01  12 40.01
P L = (I L)2 × R
2
 138.13 
 PL =    12 W
 40.01 
 P L = 143.02 W
Example :
Find the thevenin’s equivalent circuit in s-domain to the left of points A and B and then
determine current through R3 in time domain and the value of this current at t = 0 and t = 
if the switch is closed at t = 0.
R1 L1 L2 A
10 1H 2H
+
20V R2 20 R3
– 10
Solution :
Equivalent circuit in s-domain
i L1 0  i L2 0 = 0
R1 sL1 sL2
A
10 s 2s
20 20
s R2 R3
10
10 20 200
V th =  =
20  s s s ( s  20)
 10 × (10 + s) 
Z th = 2s +  
 10 + 10 + s 
10( s  10)
= 2s 
20  s
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
10(s + 10)
2s +
s + 20
A
200 + R3 = 20
s (s + 20) –
200
s ( s  20)
i =
10 ( s  10)
2s   20
( s  20)
100
 i = 2
2s ( s  20)  10s ( s  10)  20s ( s  20)
100
 i =
s[ s ( s  20)  5 ( s  10)  10( s  20)]
100
 i = 2
s(s + 20s + 5s + 50 + 10s + 200)
100
 i = 2
s(s + 35s + 250)
Applying the initial value theorem,
i(0) = lim s I(s) = 0
s 
Applying final value theorem,
100
i() = lim s I(s) = A
s 0 250
Case-III. Circuits with dependent sources only :

A dependent source cannot exist in isolation because it drives its energy from an independent
source only. The circuits with dependent source only can be an electrically isolated network
with magnetic coupling etc. In such circuits Vth is always zero and Zth is obtained by connecting
a known voltage source across the terminals with all other voltage sources replace by short
circuit & current source by open circuit... Zth is as under,
VX
Z th =
IX
Ix
+ Vx
Network –
Where, IX is the current supplied by the source.

10.2 Norton’s Theorem
According to this theorem a two terminal, linear bilateral network can be replaced by a
current source connected in parallel to an impedance. The value of the current source is
equal to short circuit current through the terminal and value of the impedance equal of the
open circuit impedance seen across the terminals.
A
A
Network IN
 ZN
B B
Where, IN = Equivalent Nortons’s current
ZN = Equivalent Norton’s impedance
Case-1 : Circuit consisting of independent source only
In circuits with independent sources IN and ZN are obtained as under,
IN = ISC = Short circuit current through the terminals.
ZN is obtained by using either of the following two techniques,:
I. ZN is obtained by replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with
open circuit.
VOC
II. ZN =
ISC
where VO C is the open circuit voltage through terminal and ISC is the short circuit
current throughthe terminal.
Case II.Circuits consisting of both dependent and independent source
In circuits with independent sources IN and ZN are obtained as under,
IN = ISC = Short circuit current through the terminals.
ZN is obtained by using either of the following two techniques,:

VOC
I. ZN =
ISC
where,
VOC = Open circuited voltage seen across terminals.
ISC = Short circuit current through the terminals.
II. With this method ZN is obtained by connecting a known voltage source across the terminals
withall other voltage sources replace by short circuit & current source by open circuit..
VX
ZN =
IX
Ix
Network ZN Zn = Vx
Ix
where , Ix is current supplied by Vx

Relationship between Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents :
Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent networks are dual of each other.
(a) Conversion from Thevenin to Norton’s equivalent.
Rth A A
V th + Vth
–  IN = ZN =Zth
Zth
B
B
Vth
IN =
Z th
Z N = Z th
(b) Conversion from Norton’s to Thevenin’s equivalent:
A Zth = ZN A
IN ZN + V =I Z
th N N
 –
B B
V th = I N Z N
Z th = Z N
Example :
Find the Norton’s equivalent of circuit for a circuit shown below: Also determine its thevenin’s
equivalent.
A  a
e(t) = 10 sin2t
+
100º 3 H = jL
– 2
6

2
b
Solution :
3
jL = j  2  = j3 2 
2
6
j3 2 ×
2
 Z th = 1+
6
j3 2 +
2
18 2 j j3 2
 Z th = 1 + = 1
j6 + 6 1 j
j3 2
 ZN = 1 +
j +1
KCL at node ‘A’,
 1 1  10
1 + +  VA =
 j3 2 3 2  3 2
10
3 2
 VA = 1 1
1 j
3 2 3 2
VA 10
IN = =
1 3 2 1 j
Zth
a a
+
IN ZN  Vth –
b b
Z th = Z N
V th = Z N I N
Example :
Find the value of i and R for the network shown below
2i
A i´ B 4 X
10  (1 – i) X
8 3
1A  IN R
i
Y
1–i Y
Solution :
i + i – 2i – 1 = 0
i = i + 1
KCL at node A
VA – VB = i × 10 = (i + 1)10
VA – VB – 10i = 10 ............(i)
and 10(i + 1) + 3(1 – i) = 8i
 10i + 10 + 3 – 3i = 8i
 8i + 3i – 10i = 13
 i = 13 A
Putting the value of i in equation (i)
VA – VB = 10 × 13 + 10
VA – VB = 140
V B = 3 × (1 – i) = 3 × (1 – 13)
= 3 × (–12) = –36 volt
V B = –36 volt
V OC = VB =– 36 volt
Short Circuit the terminal X and Y
2i
A i B 4
X
10  i
1A 8 3  II Isc
I
i
Y
KCL at node B.
i´´ + ISC + 2i = i + 1
 i´´ = –i + 1 – ISC
KVL in loop (I)
8i – 8(i + 1) – 3i´´ = 0
 8i – 10(i + 1) – 3(1 – i – ISC) = 0
3ISC + i = 13
KVL in loop (II)
4ISC – 3i´´ = 0
4ISC – 3(1 – i – ISC) = 0
 4ISC + 3ISC + 3i = 3
 7 ISC + 3i = 3 ..........(ii)
From Equation (i) and (ii)
ISC = 18A
| VOC | 36
then R= =  2
ISC 18
R = 2
10.3 Superposition Theorem
According to this theorem the voltage across or current through a branch of a linear bilateral
network consisting of two or more then two active sources is algebric sum of current or
voltage due to individual source with other sources replaced by their internal impedance.
Note : i) Super position theorem is applicable for network with initial condition also.
ii) This theorem is applicable for linear networks only.
Example :
Find out the current i by using superposition theorem in the network given below.
Solution :
1 i 2
1A 1 3 + 1V
–
Taking voltage source only
1 i 2 I
1 3 + 1V
–
1 2
I = = A
3 3
2
1
I =  A
3
taking current source only
1 I´´ 2 
1A 1 3
1
I = 1 = 1 A
2 1 3
 I = I + I
1 1
=   =0A
3 3
 Current through resistor 2 is 0 A
Example :
Find the voltage e2 (t) in the network shown below :
1H
e 2 (t ) 2 2
1 1F + e(t)
i(t) 2 –
Given i(t) = u(t)

e(t) = 5 e–t
Solution :
Using superposition theorem.
Equivalent circuit in s-domain.
s
E2(s) 2 2
1 2 5
1 s + E(s) =
s – (s+ 1)
Step-1.Taking current source only

s
E2 ´(s) 2 2
1 2
1 s
s
Apply KCL at node ‘A’
 
 s 1  1
1    E2 ( s ) =
s
 2 2  s
 2
 ( s  2) 2   1
    E 2 ( s) =
 2 s  4  s
( s  2) ( s  4)  4 1
 E2 ( s ) =
2( s  4) s
2( s  4)
 E2 ( s ) = 2
s ( s  6 s  12)
A Bs  C
 E 2 ( s ) = 
s ( s  3)2  ( 3)2
2 2
s2
 E2 ( s ) = 3  3
s ( s  3) 2  ( 3)2
2 1 ( s  3) 
 E 2 ( s ) =   2 2
3  s ( s  3)  ( 3) 
2 t
 [e  e 3t .cos 3t ]
e2 (t ) =
3
Step-II. Taking voltage source only
s
(VA ) 1 2
1 2 5
s +
– (5 + 1)
KCL at node ‘A’
 
 s 1  5
1    E2 (s) =
 2 2 s   s
 ( s  1)  2  
 2  2
 (s + 2) 2  5× 2
  2 + (s+ 4)  E2 (s) =
  (s + 1)(s + 4)
 ( s  4)( s  2)  4  10
   E2 (s) =
 2( s  4)  ( s  1)( s  4)
20
 E 2 (s) = 2
( s  1)( s  6 s  12)
20 20 100
 s
7  7 7
 E 2 (s) =
s  1 ( s  3)2  ( 3) 2
20
7  20 ( s  5)
 E2 (s) =
s  1 7 ( s  3)2  ( 3)2
20  1 s3 2 
 E 2 (s) =   2 2
 2 2
7  s  1 ( s  3)  ( 3) ( s  3)  ( 3) 
20 t
 e2 (t) = [e  e3t cos 3t  2e3t sin 3t ]
7
e2(t) = e2 (t)  e2 (t)
2 t 20
 e2(t) = [e  e 3t cos 3t ]  [e t  e 3t cos 3t  2e 3t sin 3t ]
3 7
2 20 
t 2 20 
3t 40 3t
 e2(t) =  3  7  e   3  7  e cos 3t  e sin 3t.
    7
Example :
Find the current I in the circuit shown below by using superposition theorem.
I 1 2
10V + 2A +
2I
– –
Note : In circuits with dependent and independent source, only one active source is taken at
a time and dependent source has to be taken at all times.
Solution :
Taking 2A source only,
I 1 A I 2 
2A + 2I
–
Apply KCL At node (A)

VA  2 I 
I  2  = 0
2
VA
 I  I  2  = 0
2
VA
 2I + 2 =
2
VA
 I + 1 =
4
 VA = 4I + 4 ............(i)
Applying KVL in loop
I + (I + 2)2 + 2I = 0
5I + 4 = 0
4
I =  A
5
Taking 10 volt source only,
1 1 2
10 V + +
– – 2I
10  2I 
I =
3
5I = 10
I = 2A
4 4  10 6
I = I + I =   2 = =
5 5 5
6
I = A
5
10.4 Maximum Power Transfer Therorem
According to this theorem maximum power is transfered to a load when load impedance is
complex conjugate of source impedance.
Case-I. For D.C. Network only
Rth A
A IL
IL
RL RL
Network  Vth
B
B
Load current
Vth
IL =
R th  R L
Power consumed by the load
2
P L = IL R L
2 2
 Vth   Vth 
=   RL = 2  RL
 R th  R L  R th  R 2L  2 R th R L
Vth2 Vth2
= =
R 2th D
+ R L + 2R th
RL
PL will be maximum when D is minimum. For D to be minimum
D
R L = 0
R 2th
where D =  R L  2 R th
RL
R 2th
  1 = 0
R 2L
 R L = R th
Note : In D.C circuit maxmium power is transfered to load when load impedance is equal to
source impedance. When network consists of many resistances the source resistance is
equal to thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen across the load terminal
Case-II. For A.C circuits
Case A. ZL = RL + jXL, when RL & XL both are variable.
Rth jXth A
A
A.C Zth RL
ZL
n/w  Vth ~ ZL
B jXL
Vth
IL =
(R th + jX th ) + (R L + j X L )
Vth
=
(R th  R L )  j (X th  X L )
Vth
|IL| =
(R th  R L )2  (X th  X L ) 2
Power consumed by load
P L = |IL|2 × RL
Vth2
=  RL
(R th  R L )2  (X th  X L ) 2
Vth2 Vth2
PL = 
 (R th  R L ) 2  (X th  X L ) 2 D
 
 RL  RL
(R th  R L ) 2 (X th  X L ) 2
where D = 
RL RL
For PL to be maximum D should be minimum.
D D
= 0 and =0
 XL R L
Minimization of D w.r.t. XL:
D 2(X th  X L )
= 0
X L RL
XL = – XTH ...........(i)
Minimization of D w.r.t. RL:

D
R L = 0
D   R 2th  R L2  2 R th . R L    X th  (  X th ) 2 
=   +  0
 RL  RL  RL  R L  RL 
R 2th
  1 = 0
R 2L
R L = R th ...........(ii)
from equation (i) and (ii)
ZL = RL + jXL
= Rth – jXth
ZL = Z*th
So, maximum power is transferred to load when load impdence is complex conjugate of
source impdance.
Maximum power transfered,

VS2
Pmax =
4RL
Case-B : When load is purely resistive
ZL = R L
Vth2 Vth2
PL = =
(R th  R L ) 2 X 2th D

RL RL
(R th  R L ) 2 X 2th
D = 
RL RL
D
For maximum PL , should be 0.
R L
2 2 2
D   R th  R L  2 R th . R L    X th 
= .   =0
R L R  RL   RL  RL 
R 2th 2
X th
   1  = 0
R 2L R 2L
RL = R 2th  X 2th
where RL = |Z th |
So, when load is purely resistive the maximum power is transfered to load when load resisance
is equal to the magnitude of source impedance.
Case-C : when ZL =RL + jXL and only RL is variable
Vth2 Vth2
PL = =
(R th  R L )2 (X th  X L )2 D

RL RL
where
(R th  R L ) 2 (X th  X L ) 2
D = 
RL RL
D
for P L = maximum should be ‘0’
 RL
2
D   R 2th  R L2  2 R th R L    .  (X th  X L ) 
=   R  RL

 RL  RL  RL  L  
R 2th (X th  X L )2
   1  = 0
R 2L R 2L
 RL = R 2th  (X th  X L ) 2
Summary :-
i) ZL = RL + jXL
ZL = Z*th
 when both RL and XL are variables
ii) ZL = RL (i.e. load is purely resistive)
RL = |Zth| = R 2th  X 2th
iii) ZL = RL + jXL (when only RL is variable)
RL = R 2th  (X th  X L ) 2
RL is only variable
Example :
Find the efficiency of network shown below.
Rth j Xth
IL
+ RL
Vs ~
– jXL
Power transfered to load

PL = I 2L R L = VL IL
Power supplied by source
P s = I 2L (R L  R th )
But at maximum power transfer
R th = R L
2
P s = I L (2 R L )
P s = 2P L
PL 1
Efficiency ,  =  100   100  50%
Ps 2
Note : At maximum power transfer, efficiency of the network is 50% and power produced by
the source is double of the power consumed by the load.
Example :
In the circuit shown below find R when the power consumed by 1  resistance is maximum
2 1
6V Rth
4
Solution :
For maximum power in 1 resistance the thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen across the
1 resistance shoud be 1
R
2
4  Rth
Thevenin’s equivalent resistnace seen across 1  resistance ,

2R
R th = || 4 
R2
 For maximum power transfer,
2R
4
R2
2R = 1
4
R2
 8R = 8 + 6R
 R = 4
Example :
What is appropriate value of load resistance R if it is draws maximum power from the
source in the circuit shown below.
2 i
II
+ 3+i
18V (3 + 2i) Isc
–
2 3A R
I
Solution :
VOC
R = Rth =
ISC
ISC = (3 + 18) = 21
VOC
R th =
ISC
14 2
R th = =
21 3
2
 R th = R  
3
VO C = (3 + 2i)2 ............(i)
2i + (3 + 2i)2 = 18
i = 2
VO C = (3 + 4)2 = 14
VO C = 14V
i´ = j + 3 – ISC
Current in 2(down side branch)
3 + 2i – ISC
from circuit
(3i + 2i – ISC)2 = 0
 ISC = 6 + 4i ............(i)
18 – 2i – 2(3 + 2i – ISC) = 0
18 = 2i + 6 + 4i – 2ISC
18 = 6(i + I) – 2 ISC ............(ii)
18 = 6(i + 1) – (6 + 4i)
 18 = 6i + 6 – 6 – 4i = 2i
 i = 9A
Example :
In the circuit shown below, find the value of ZL when maximum power is delivered to the
network?
Also find the maximum power consumed ?
10
 ZL
i  10 2 sin1000 t
10mH
i(t) = 10 2 sin 1000 t

Solution :
Converting I source to V source.
 –3
10 jL = j1000 × 10 × 10 = 10j
ZL
V +–
100 2
Z s = 10 + j10 = 10 2 45
Im 100 2  VS  ZS ·I rms 
I rms = =  100  
2 2   100 2  2 
= 100 2
Note : Power in watt (i.e. real power) is always given by I 2rms . R L
i(t) = Im sin 1000 t
= 10 2 sin 1000 t
Pmax = I 2L  R L
VS2
=  RL
(R L  R S ) 2  (X L  X TH )2
VS2 VS2
=  R L =
4 R 2L  (X L  X L ) 2 4RL
(100 2) 2 100  100  2

= =
4  10 4  10
= 500 watt
10.5 Reciprocity Theorem
This theorem states that in a linear bilateral reciprocal network if I is current in branch ‘X’
due to voltage source ‘V’ connected in ‘Y’ branch then same current will flow in branch ‘Y’
when the same voltage source is connected in branch ‘X’
Proof of Reciprocity Theorem :
R1 A I1
V R2 R3
KCL at node (A)

 1 1 1  V
    VA =
 R1 R 2 R 3  R1
V
R1
VA =
1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
V
VA R 1R 3
then I1 = = 1 1 1 Now connecting voltage source in series with R3.
R3  
R1 R 2 R 3
R1 A R3
I R2 V
KCL at node (A)

 1 1 1  V
    VA =
 R1 R 2 R 3  R3
V
R3
VA = 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
V
VA R 1R 3
I = R = 1 1 1
1  
R1 R 2 R 3
From equation (i) and (ii) we have

I = I 
Note : It is applicable for reciprocal network consisting of single source only.
10.6 Tellegen’s Theorem

This theorem states that the algebric sum of power consumed and delivered by all branches
of a network is zero
n
 Vk iK = 0
K 1
where
n is number of branches of network,
VK is voltage across Kth branches and
iK is current through Kth branch.
Note : Tellegen theorem obeys the law of conservasion of energy.
Example :
Verify the Tellegon’s theorem for the network given below.
2
A
B
1
2 1
2
5V 8V
n = 5
KCL at node (A)
1 1 1 1  1 5 8
   V  1  V = 
  A   B 2 1
 2 1 1 2   2 
 6VA – 3VB = 21
 2VA – VB = 7 ............(i)
KCL at node (B)
1 1 1   1
    VB  1   VA = 0
1 2 5   2
3 17
 VA  VB = 0 ...........(ii)
2 10
From equation’s (i) & (ii) we get
2VA – VB = 7
 4 17 
 2 VA     VB = 0
 3 10 
 4 17  
  3  10   1 VB = 7
  
 68 
   1 VB = 7
 30 
38
 VB = 7
30
105
 VB =
19
7 105
Voltage at node ‘A’, VA = 
2 38
119
VA =
19
119
V 1 = VA =
19
105
V 3 = VB =
19
14
V 4 = VA – VB =
19
14
V 5 = VA – VB =
19
VA  5
 i1 =
2
VA  8
i2 =
2
VB
i3 =
5
VA  VB
i4 =
1
VA  VB
i5 =
2
Applying tellgen theorem
n
 VK iK = 0
K 1
V 1 i1 + V 2 i2 + V 3 i3 + V 4 i4 + V 5 i5 = 0
10.7 Compensation Theorem

According to this theorem if the resistance of a branch of a linear time invariant bilateral
network is changed by R then current through all the branches of the network will changed.
This change in current can be compensated by connecting a voltage source VC such that VC
= IR in series with the changed resistance R + R, I is the current through the same branch
before change of resistance.
This theorem can be used to determine change in current in all branches of network with
single source IR connected in the network with all other source of network replaced by
their internal impedances. The current supplied by the source IR is equal to the change in
current.
Example :
In the circuit shown below 5  resistance is change to 8 . Use the compensation theorem
to find out change in current through 3  resistance
A
I 5
3
20 0 +
– j5
j4
Solution :
KCL at node (A)
VA VA V 20
  A =
j 5 (3  j 4) 5 5
4
VA = 1 1 1
 
j5 3  j 4 5
20( j15  20)

 VA =
15  j 20  j 25  j15  20
20(20  j15)
 VA =
5  j 60
VA  20
Current and I =
5
4(20  j15)
 20
(1  12 j)
  =
5
4(4  j 3)
  = 4
1  12 j
16  12 j  4  48 j
  =
1  12 j
12  36 j
  =
1  12 j
12(1  3 j )
  =
(1  12 j )
12(1  3 j ) (1  12 j )
  = 
(1  12 j ) (1  12 j )
12(1  12 j  3 j  36 j 2 )
  =
(1  12 j  12 j  144 j 2 )
12 [1  15 j  36]
  =
1  144
12 [ 35  15 j ]
  =
145
R = (8 – 5) = 3
12  j 36 
 iR = 3  
 1  j 12 
Connecting iR in series with 8 
8 iR A
– +
I–i  I
+i 3
j5
j4
Using KCL at node (A)

1 1 1  i R
    VA = 8
8 j 5 3 j 4
3  (12  j 3) 
VA =  
8  (1  12 j ) 
Change in current through 3  resistance

VA
I 3  =
3 j 4
10.8 Millman’s Theorem
According to this theorem a number of voltage sources with different internal impedances
connected in parallel can be replaced by a single voltage source connected in series with an
impedance ‘Z’.
Zn Z2 Z1
ZL
–+ Vn –+ V2 –+ V1
Z
ZL
+
V –
Where Z is the equivalent impedance seen accross AB with all sources shorted and it is
given by,
1
Z =
1 1 1
  .................. 
Z1 Z2 Zn
1
=
Y1  Y2  ........  Yn
and V is the open circuited voltage across AB,
V1 V2 V
  ..............  n
Z1 Z2 Zn
V = 1 1 1
  ............. 
Z1 Z2 Zn
V1 Y1  V2 Y2  ..........  Vn Yn
V =
Y1  Y2  .................  Yn
10.9 Substitution Theorem
According to this theorem voltage across and current through a branch of a dc bilateral
network can be replaced by a combination of elements such that it would make some voltage
drop and current through the branch.
I I I
+ R´
+ + +
   V
V R V
– – – V´
Note : The power drawn by the branch should remain same.

This theorem is applicable only for single source.

NETWORK THEORY 31
Theorems
GATE Practice Questions

= 4 + 9 + 2 ×2 × 3
1. A dc circuit shown in figure has a voltage source P = 4 + 9 + 12 = 25 Watts
V, a current source I and several resistors. A Case-II : both I1 and I2 are in opposite directions
particular resistor R dissipates a power of 4 Watts I = (I1 – I2)
when V alone is active. The same resistor R Power consumed by R,
dissipates a power of 9 Watts when I alone is
P = (I1 – I2)2 R
active. The power dissipated by R when both
 P = 4 + 9 – 12 = 1 Watts
sources are active will be
2. If the secondary winding of the ideal transformar
+
shown in the circuit of figure has 40 turns, the
Resistive R
V number of turns in the primary winding for
– network
maximum power transfer to the 2 resistor will
I be

Ideal transformer
(a) 1 W (b) 5 W 8
(c) 13 W (d) 25 W
40 2
GATE(EC/ Vg turns
1. Ans.(a,d) (a) 20 (b) 40

(c) 80 (d) 160
+ Resistive
V R GATE(EC/
– network
I
 2. Ans.(c)
As per maximum power transfer theorem, a load
When V is active alone, then power consumed
resistance RL will consume maximum power
by R,
when the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen
I12 R = 4
across the terminals of RL is equal to load
.....(i)
resistance RL.
2
 I1 = Ideal transformer
R 8
When I is active alone, then

I22 R = 9 Vg 40 2
turns
.....(ii)
3
 I2 = So, the 2  resistance will consume maximum
R
power when the equivalent resistance referred
when both V and I are present in the circuit to secondary side will become 2 .
simultaneously, then net current thorough R. For a transformer with turns ratio N1: N2, a
Case-I : both I1 and I2 are in same direction primary side resistance R1 refered to secondary
I = (I1 + I2) side becomes R1 as under
Power consumed by R, 2
P = (I1 + I2)2 R  N2 
R1 =   R1
From (i) and (ii) we have,  N1 
 2 3 
2 Thus for the given circuit,
P =    R
 R R
NETWORK THEORY 32
Theorems
2
 40  a
2 =   8 2 4
 N1  j3
Zeq
2 
 N1  –j4 
   = 4
 40  b 2 4
N1
 =2
40  16  8
 N 1 = 80 (a)    (b)   
3 3
So for maximum power transfer, primary
winding should have 80 turns. 8 
3. The value of the resistance, R, connected across (c)   12 j   (d) Non of the above
3 
the terminals, A and B, (ref. figure), which will
absorb the maximum power, is GATE(EC/
3 k 4 k
A B 4. Ans.(b)
The given circuit can also be drawn as under.
x
6 k 4 k
 
(a) 4.00 k (b) 4.11 k
(c) 8.00 k (d) 9.00 k
GATE(EC/ a j3  j4  b
 
3. Ans.(a)
For maximum power transfer to the load y
resistance the internal impedance must be equal This circuit is a balanced bridge circuit as the
to the load impedance. product of opposite sides of bridge arms is coming
Now, short circuit the voltage source, out to be equal. So, the points x and y will be at
same potential and no current will flow through
3 k 4 k the xy branch. Therefore, branch xy can be open
circuited. Thus the equivalent circuit becomes as
A B 
under,
6 k 4 k
3K 4K
A B
6K 4K
R AB = (3k || 6k) + (4k || 4k)
R AB = 2k + 2k = 4 k
For maximum power transfer,
R = RAB = 4 k
4. In the circuit of figure, the equivalent impedance
seen across terminals a, b is
NETWORK THEORY 33
Theorems
I3 3
+A
 I1 I2

VTH
100 0° V j2 j4
–j6

a b
–B
  Applying voltage divider rule, we have,

j4
V TH =  1000o = (j16) (3 – j4) V
 3  j4
7. The value of R (in ohms) required for maximum
b  power transfer in the network shown in figure is
a
 5 4
+
25V 20  3A R
 –


a b
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 16
5. Superposition theorem is NOT applicable to
GATE(EC/
networks containing
(a) nonlinear elements
(b) dependent voltage sources
(c) dependent current sources 7. Ans.(c)
(d) transformers For maximum power transfer the value of R is
equal to Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen
GATE(EC/ across terminals of R.
5 4
+
25 V 20   3 A R
5. Ans.(a) –
Superposition theorem cannot be applied to non-
linear circuits. Short circuiting the voltage source and open
6. The thevenin equivalent voltage VTH appearing circuiting the current source, the circuit becomes
between the terminals A and B of the network as under
shown in figure is given by
5 4
A 20  Rth
3 +
100 0° V
j2 j4 VTH
–j6
 R th = 4 + (5 || 20)
–B
5  20
(a) j16(3 – j40) (b) j16(39 + j4) = 4 =
(c) j16(3 + j4) (d) j16(3 – j4) 25
GATE(EC/ 20
4 8 
5
6. Ans.(d) R = R th
Here, VTH is the voltage across j4 reactance, Thus, R = 8
8. Use the data of figure (a). The current i in the
circuit of figure (b) is
NETWORK THEORY 34
Theorems
R2 R2 10  1H
R1 R3 R1 R3 R
Em cos 10 t
+ –
2A i=? R4 (a) 14.14 (b) 10
10 V R4
– 20 V + (c) 200 (d) 28.28
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) GATE(EC/
(a) –2 A (b) 2 A
(c) – 4A (d) + 4 A 9. Ans.(a)
GATE(EC/
10  1H
R
Em cos 10 t
8. Ans.(c)
From given input signal,
R2  = 10
– R1 R3 i =2A Reactance of inductor,
E = 10 V R4 Xs = j10 × 1 = j10 
+
Maximum power is transferred to R when R is
If the voltage excitation and current response are equal to magnitude of Thevenin’s equivalent
interchanged then as per reciprocity Theorem, impedance seen across terminals of R.
E Short circuiting the voltage source the circuit
=  5 will remain becomes,
i
unchanged 10  j 10 
R2 Zth
R1 R3 +
i1 = 2 A E = 10 V
R4 –1
Z th = 10 + j10
Now, if the polarity of the voltage source is 2 2
reversed then direction of current will also get

 |Z th | = 10   10  =
reversed. 10 2 
For maximum power transfer ,
R2
R = |Zth|
R1 R3 –
i1 = 2 A E1 = 10 V
R4 +  R = 10 2  = 14.14 
10. In the network the maximum power is delivered
If E1 is doubled then current i1 will also doubled. to RL if its value is
I1
R2
– 40 
i2 = 4 A =i R1 R3 E2 = 20 V
R4 + 20  RL +
0.5 I1
50 V
but i = – i2, i = – 4A –
9. In figure the value of the load resistor R which
40
maximize the power delivered to it is (a) 16 (b) 
3
(c) 60 (d) 20
GATE(EC/
NETWORK THEORY 35
Theorems
10. Ans.(a) Given,  = 1 rad/sec,
For maximum power transfer RL should be equal L s = 1 H & Rs = 1 
to Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen across Source impedance,
terminals of RL Z s = Rs + jLs = 1 + j1 × 1
 Zs = 1 + j
I1
For maximum power transfer load impedance
40  should be complex conjugate of the source
 20  RL + impedance.
0.5 I1 50 V  Z L = Z s * ; where Z s * is
– complex conjugate of Zs
Short circuiting the voltage source and replacing  Z L = (1 – j)  = R – jC ;
RL by a voltage source of V volt, the circuit where R = 1 and C = 1F
becomes as under Thus load impedance consisting of 1  resistance
and a capacitor of 1F in series is required for
‘1’ I maximum power transfer.
I1 12. For the circuit shown in figure Thevenin’s voltage
 20  40  and Thevenin’s equivalent resistance at terminals
0.5 I1 –V
+
a b is
1A
5
Applying KCL at node 1, we have, I1
a
V + +
0.5 I1 + I =  I1 – 0.5 I 5 10V
20 –
1
b
V I1
 I = 
20 2 (a) 5 V and 2  (b) 7.5 V and 2.5 
(c) 4 V and 2  (d) 3 V and 2.5 
V
also I1 = GATE(EC/
40
V V  4  1
 I =  V  
20 80  80  12. Ans.(b)
V = 16 I For finding the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, first
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance across RL, find the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage as under,
V 1A
5
R th = = 16 
I I1
a
Thus, for maximum power transfer, + +
– 0.5 I 5 10V
RL = Rth = 16  1
b
–
11. A source of angular frequency 1 rad/sec has a
source impedance consisting of 1 resistance in
Applying KCL at node a,
series with 1 H inductance. The load that will
obtain the maximum power transfer is. Va  10 Va
 1 = 0
(a) 1 resistance 5 5
(b) 1 resistance in parallel with 1 H inductance  Va – 10 + Va5 = 0
(c) 1 resistance in series with 1 F capacitor  Va = 7.5 V = Vth
(d) 1 resistance in prallel with 1 F capacitor Now for finding Rth, short circuiting the voltage
GATE(EC/ source and open circuiting the current source and
connecting a voltage source of V volts. Then the
equivalent circuit becomes as shown,
11. Ans.(c)
NETWORK THEORY 36
Theorems
100 
I
+
+ V 10 V – RL
– –
The load resistance consumes maximum power

As dependent source branch is open circuited, it when RL = Rth.
will not affect the remaining circuit now. Now for finding the Rth, short circuiting the
V V 2V voltage source. The equivalent circuit becomes,
I =  
5 5 5 100 
V 5
 R th =   2.5 Rth
I 2
Thus the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit becomes
as shown below,
Rth = 2.5   R th = 100 

a Thus at maximum power transfer,
R L = 100 
Vth = 7.5 10 1
Load current, iL =  A
100  100 20
b
100 
iL
13. The maximum power that can be transferred to +
the load resistor RL from the voltage source in 10 V – RL = 100 
figure is
100  Maximum power consumed by RL ,
2
+ 2
 1 
RL Pmax = i R=  
L
10 V
–  20 
1
100 = W = 0.25 W
(a) 1 W (b) 10 W 4
(c) 0.25 W (d) 1.4 eV 14. For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin
voltage and resistance looking into X - Y are
GATE(EC/
1
x
i 2A
2i +
– 1 2
13. Ans.(c) y
(a) 4/3 V, 2 (b) 4 V, 2/3

(c) 4/3 V, 2/3 (d) 4V, 2 
GATE(EC/
NETWORK THEORY 37
Theorems
(c) ZL = jXs (d) ZL = Rs – jXs
14. Ans.(d)
Calculation of Rth :-
GATE(EC/
Replacing current source by open circuit and
applying a voltage source of V volt across xy,
15. Ans.(d)
According to maximum power transfer theorem,
1 x a load impedance will consume maximum power
i I when it is complex conjugate of the source
2i + 1 2 + V impedance.
– –
i.e. ZL = Z s *
Given, Z s = Rs + jXs
y
 Z L = Rs – jXs
V 16. The Thevenin equivalent impedance Zth between
Now, i = V the nodes P and Q in the following circuit is
1
Thus the equivalent circuit becomes, 1H 1F
1 x
1 P
i I 1
1A
2V + 1 2 + V 10V +
– – – Q
y
1
(a) 1 (b) 1  s 
V V V s
Apply KCL,   I
2 1 1 1 s2  s  1
(c) 2  s  (d)
V s s 2  2s  1
 = 2
I GATE(EC/
V
 R th = =2
I
Calculation of Vth :- 16. Ans.(a)
For Vth we will first calculate the short circuit 1H 1F
current Isc by short circuiting the xy terminals.
P
1
1
x x 1
i 2A  1A
2A Isc Isc 10 V 
2i + 1 Q
 2 
y For calculating the Thevenin’s equivalent
y
impedance Zth, short circuiting the voltage
Short circuit at xy shorts the 1  and 2  source and open circuiting the current source,
resistances and because of zero current in 1  the circuit becomes as under,
branch dependent voltage source also becomes P
zero and the 1  resistance in series with 1H 1F
dependent voltage source also get shorted. 1H 1F
Thus Isc = 2 A 1 P 1 
Now, V th = Isc.Rth = 2  2  4V Q 1 1
15. An independent voltage source in series with an
impedance Zs = Rs + jXs delivers a maximum Q
average power to a load impedance ZL when The equivalent circuit in s-damain can be
(a) ZL = Rs + jXs (b) ZL = Rs
NETWORK THEORY 38
Theorems
drawn as under, delivered to RL when it has the value equal to the
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen across its
P
terminals.
Short circuiting the ideal voltage source V and
1 replacing the load resistance RL by a voltage
s
s source V the equivalent circuit becomes as under,
Vx
1 4
1  +
I2
4 4 I1
Q B A
 Vx + I
Equivalent impedance, V
 1
Z th = (1 + s) || 1  
 s The branch of current I1 has a voltage V
across it. So,
 1
(1  s) 1   2 V V
 s   (1  s)(1  s)  s  2s  1 I1 =  A
Zth = = 44 8
1 s 1
1 s  s  s  1 s 2  2s  1
2
s .....(i)
1 Vx
also I1 = (from circuit)
17. In the circuit shown, what value of RL maximizes 4
the power delivered to RL ?
Vx V
 =
Vx 4 8
4
– + V
 Vx =
4 4 2
.....(ii)
_
Vx + Vx
RL 4
Vi + 100 V  +
–
I2
4 4 I1
8 B A
(a) 2.4  (b)   Vx + I1
I
3
V
(c) 4  (d) 6 
GATE(EC/
Applying KCL at node A, we have,
I = I1 + I2
17. Ans.(c)  I 2 = I – I1
Vx Applying KVL in the loop shown in the circuit,
4 we have,
– +
V– 4 (I – I1) – Vx = 0
4 4 ....(iii)
_ Putting the values of I1 and Vx from equations
Vx +
RL (i) & (ii) in equation (iii).
Vi + 100 V
–
V V
V – 4 I + 4   =0
8 2
In the circuit, the maximum power will be
NETWORK THEORY 39
Theorems
V V j30
 V+  = 4I P
2 2
 V = 4I 16 0°A 25 –j50
V
 = 4 Q
I 15
 R th = 4 
So, for maximum power transfer RL = Rth = 4 (a) 6.4 – j4.8 (b) 6.56 – j7.87
. (c) 10 + j0 (d) 16 + j0
18. In the circuit shown below, the value of RL such GATE(EC/
that the power transferred to RL is maximum is
10 10
19. Ans.(a)
10 RL j30
+ 5V 1A
– P
+ 2V
–
16 0°A 25 –j50
(a) 5  (b) 10 
Q
(c) 15  (d) 20 
15
GATE(EC/ Norton equivalent current with respect to
terminals P and Q is equal to shorted circuit
current through terminal P and Q. So, shorting
18. Ans.(c) the terminals P and Q, the circuit becomes as
10 10 a
shown below,
j30
10 RL P
+ 5V 1A
–
+ 2V
– 16 0° 25 IN
b –j50
According to maximum power transfer theorem Q

for maximum power transferred to load, the load 15
resistance should be equal to Thevenin’s Capacitance is bypassed by short circuit so,
equivalent resistance seen across load terminals. Norton’s current is obtained by simply applying
The Thevenin equivalent across ‘a’ and ‘b’ is current divider rule as under
resistance seen across open circuited load
terminals with voltage sources replaced by short 25
IN =  160
circuit and current source replaced by open circuit. 25  15  j30
Then equivalent circuit becomes as shown below, 25
  a
IN = 16
40  j30
I N = 6.4 – j4.8 A
 RTH
20. Assuming both the voltage sources are in phase,
the value of R for which maximum power is
b
transferred from circuit A to circuit B is
10  10
RTH = 10  
10  10
 RTH = 15 
So, For maximum power transferred to RL,
R L = RTH = 15 
19. In the circuit shown below, the Norton equivalent
current in amperes with respect to the terminals
www.digcademy.com
P and Q is
digcademy@gmail.com
NETWORK THEORY 40
Theorems
ib
2 R
1k
99ib
+ + 9k
~ 10V –j1  ~ 3V
– – 1
100
2
Circuit A Circuit B
(a) 50 (b) 100

(a) 0.8  (b) 1.4  (d) 5k (d) 10.1k
(c) 2  (d) 2.8 
GATE(EC/
GATE(EC/
21. Ans.(a)
20. Ans.(a)
Current ‘i’ from network A to B, ib
10  3 7 1k
i =  99ib
2R 2R 9k
Voltage across terminal X and Y,

1
7 100
2
v = 10 – 2 i = 10 – 2 ×
2R
14 Connecting a source vx across terminals 1 and 2,
= 10 – the circuit can be drawn as under,
2R
Power transferred from network A to B, ib
P =
1k 99ib
 14  7 9k
vi  10   a
 2R  2R
i1 ix
70 98 100 vx
P = 
2  R (2  R) 2
P From above circuit,

For P to be maximum, 0
R vx
ib = –
70 196 10  103
  2
 =0 .....(i)
(2  R) (2  R)3
vx
 196 = 70 (2 + R) and i1 =
100
196  140 ....(ii)
 R =  0.8 
70 Applying KCL at node ‘a’,
Therefore, for maximum power transfered from – ib + i1 – ix – 99 ib = 0
network A to B, R = 0.8 . Putting expression of ib and i1 from (i) and (ii) in
21. The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the above equation, we have,
given circuit is
vx v 99
3
 x  ix  vx = 0
10  10 100 10  103
NETWORK THEORY 41
Theorems
vx 3 j4 j6 5
 =
ix + –
VL1
+ +
1 VS j40I2
– –
10VL1 RL=10
1 1 99 I1 I2
 
10  10 100 10  103
3
Given, Vs = 100 53.13º

= 50 
Therefore, impedance looking into terminals 1 and For finding the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage
2 is 50  across load the load resistance is replaced by open
22. A source v s (t) = V cos t has an internal circuit. When load resistance is replaced by open
impedance of (4 + j3) . If a purely resistive circuit the current I2 becomes zero and hence
load connected to this source has to extract the dependent source on source side also becomes
maximum power out of the source, its value in  zero. Then equivalent circuit can be drawn as
should be under,
(a) 3 (b) 4 j6
3 j4 5
(c) 5 (d) 7
+ – +
VL1
GATE(EC/
VS + 10VL1
– VLoad
I1
–
22. Ans.(c) Given, Vs = 100 53.13º
Given,  s = V cos 100 t, Zs = 4 + j3
 From input loop,
I1 =
Zs
Vs 10053.13 100
  (53.13º 53.14º ) =
3  j4 3  j4 5
+ RL 20 0º A
s
–
Voltage across inductor,
V L1 = j4 I1 = j4 × 20 0º =
8090º
Maximum power is transferred to load when load Load voltage,V Load = 10 VL1 = 10 × 80  90º =
resistance is equal to magnitude to source 800  90º
impedance.
 R L = |Z s|
Therefore, R L = 42  32  5  1. The V-I characteristic as seen from terminal-
pair (A,B) of the network of fig. (a) is shown in
23. In the circuit shown below, if the source voltage fig. (b). If a variable resistance RL is connected
V S = 100  53.13º V then the Thevenin’s across the terminal-pair (A, B), the maximum
equivalent voltage in Volts as seen by the load power that can be supplied to RL would be
resistance RL is i
Network of i
3 j4 j6 5 A
linear + (0, 0)
+ – resistors v
VL1 v 20 V
and
+ + independent –
VS j40I2 10VL1 RL=10 B – 4A
– – source
I1 I2
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
(a) 100  90º (b) 800  0º (a) 80 W
(c) 800  90º (d) 100  60º (b) 40 W
(c) 20 W
GATE(EC/ (d) indeterminate unless the actual network is
23. Ans.(c) given Fig (a) and Fig (b)
NETWORK THEORY 42
Theorems
GATE(EE/1991 | 2 Mark. From vi-characteristics,

V th = 8 V(with i = 0)
Isc = 4 mA (with v = 0)
1. Ans.(c) Thevenin’s equivalent resistance,
i
Rth Vth
i
+ R th = I = 2 k
sc
Vth v 20 V v Time constant of RL circuit,

–
–4A L
 =
From vi characteristics. R th
when i = 0, Vth = 20 V
and when V = 0 then Isc = – I = 4 A 6 mH
  = 2 k
Thevenin’s resistance is given by,
Vth 20   = 3  sec.
R th = I = =5 3. Viewed from the terminals A, B the following
sc 4
For maximum power transfer, circuit shown in figure can be reduced to an
R L = R th equivalent circuit of a single voltage source in
Maximum power transferred is given by, series with a single resistor with the following
Vth 2 400 parameters:
Pmax. = = 45 = 20 A
4 Rth
10 V +
– 4
Watts
2. The v-i characteristic as seen from the terminal- 6 + 5V
–
pair (A, B) of the network of Fig. (a) is shown in
B
Fig. (b). If an inductance of value 6 mH is
connected across the terminal-pair (A, B), the (a) 5 volt source in series with 10
time constant of the system will be (b) 7 volt source in series with 2.4  resistor
(c) 15 volt source in series with 2.4  resistor
i
(d) 1 volt source in series with 10  resistor
4 mA
Network of i GATE(EE/1998|2M)
linear A 3. Ans.(b)
resistors + Here, we need to find the Thevenin’s equivalent
and –
independent B circuit across terminal AB.
sources
(0, 0) 8V v I
+ A
(a) 3sec 10 V +
– 4
(b) 12 sec VOC
(c) 32 sec 6 + 5V
(d) unknown, unless the actual network is –
– B
specified
GATE(EE/1996|1M) KCL at node ‘A’,
VOC  10 VOC  5
2. Ans.(a)  =0
6 4
i
10 5
4 mA 
Rth i 6 4
V OC = 1 1 =7V
+

v 6 4
Vth
–
Open circuited voltage seen across terminals is
(0, 0) 8V v Thevenin’s equivalent voltage.
 V th = VOC = 7 V
NETWORK THEORY 43
Theorems
Short circuiting the ideal voltage sources. The
V V
equivalent circuit becomes as under,  4 = 2I  2I  2 
4 4
A
V
4  V = 4I 
Rth 2
6
3V
B  = 4I
2
64
R th =
,R = 2.4  V 8
6  4 th  = 
I 3
Thus Thevenin equivalent circuit becomes, as
under, Resistance seen across input terminals,
Rth = 2.4 V 8
 R AB = = 
I 3
+
– Vth = 7V 5. In the figure, Z1 = 10 – 60o, Z2 = 10 60o,
Z3 = 50 53.13o. Thevenin impedance seen from
X-Y is
4. The circuit shown in figure is equivalent to a load
of X
+ Z1 Z3
100 0° ~ Z2
I 2 –
4 + 2I Y
– (a) 56.6 45 o
(b) 60 30 o
(c) 70 30o (d) 34.4 65o

GATE(EE/2003|1M)
4 8
(a) ohms (b) ohms
3 3
(c) 4 ohms (d) 2 ohms 5. Ans.(a)
GATE(EE/2002|2M) To find out the Thevenin’s impedance short
4. Ans.(b) circuit the voltage source
Connecting a voltage source of V volt across
X
AB the circuit can be drawn as under, Z1 Z3
Z2 ZXY
A I I – I1
Y
2
Given, Z1 = 10  – 60° ,
+ V 4 + 2I
– I – Z 2 = 10 60° and Z3
I1 = 50  53.13°
Thevenin’s impedance,
B
Z XY = (Z1 | | Z2) + Z3
V Z1 .Z 2
Current , I1 = Amperes .....  Z XY = Z  Z  Z 3
4 1 2
(i)
10  60  1060
Applying KVL in loop 1, we have,  ZXY =  5053.13
–2 (I – I1) –2 I + 4 I1 = 0 ..... 10  60  1060
(ii) = 56.57  45° 
From (i) & (ii), we have, 6. In figure the potential difference between points
P and Q is
NETWORK THEORY 44
Theorems
GATE(EE/2003|2M)
2A
2 4
P Q 7. Ans.(d)
Maximum power absorbed by RL can be obtained
+ 10 V
– by finding Thevenin’s equivalent across RL,
8 6 6 j 8 6 j 8
(a) 12 V (b) 10 V ~ 1100° RL 900° ~

(c) – 6 V (d) 8 V
GATE(EE/2003|2M) Calculation of Vth :
Open circuiting the load resistance the circuit
becomes as under,
6. Ans.(c)
6 j 8 6 j 8
2A
I
2 4 ~ + ~
P Q 1100° – VOC
900°
+ 10 V
–
1100o  900o
8 6 Current, I =
12  j16
Applying KCL at node ‘P’,
200o
VP  10 VP  I = = 1–
 2 =0 2053.13o
2 8 53.13° A
 4 VP – 40 + VP + 16 = 0 Voltage, V OC = 6 × I + j8 × I + 90 0°
24  V OC = 6 –53.13° + 8 36.87°
 VP = = 4.8 V +
5
Applying KCL at node ‘Q’, 900°
 V OC = 3.6 – j4.8 + 6.4 + j4.8 + 90
VQ  10 VQ 0°
 2 =0
4 6  V OC = 100 0° Volts
 3VQ – 30 + 2 VQ – 24 = 0 Calculation of Zth:
 5 VQ = 54 Short circuiting the voltage source the circuit
 V Q = 10.8 V becomes as under,
Voltage between P & Q,
V P Q = VP – VQ 6 j 8 6 j 8
 V P Q = 4.8 – 10.8 = – 6 Volts Zth A
7. Two ac sources feed a common variable resistive B
load as shown in figure under the maximum power
transfer condition, the power absorbed by the load Z th = (6 + j8) || (6 + j8)
resistance RL is Z th = (3 + j4) 
At maximum power transfer condition,
6 j 8 6 j 8
RL = |Zth| = |3 + 4j| =
32  42 = 5
~ 1100° RL 900° ~
Now the equivalent circuit becomes as under,
(a) 2200 W (b) 1250 W

(c) 1250 W (d) 625 W
NETWORK THEORY 45
Theorems
3 j4 IL
100 0° +
– RL
P
10  10  Rth
1000o
Now, load currentI L = = Q
3  j 4  RL
Equivalent resistance seen across PQ,
1000  R th = 10| |10
3  j4  5  R th = 5
9. In the figure the current source is 10° A, R =
1000o 100
|IL| = 8  j 4  8.94 A 1, the impedance are Xc = –j, and XL=2j.
The Thevenin’s equivalent voltage and impedance
= 11.18 A looking into the circuit across X-Y is
 Maximum power consumed by RL,
P L = |IL|2 × RL = (11.18)2 × 5
= 625 W
8. In figure the Thevenin’s equivalent pair (voltage,
impedance), as seen at the terminals P-Q, is given
by
10 (a) 2 0 V, (1 + 2j) 
P (b) 2 450V, (1 – 2j) 
20 10 Unknown (c) 2 450 V, (1 + j) 
4V network
(d) 2 450 V, (1 + j)
Q
GATE(EE/2006|1M)
(a) (2V, 5 ) (b) (2V, 7.5 )
(c) (4V, 5 ) (d) (4V, 7.5 ) 9. Ans.(d)
GATE(EE/2005|2M)
8. Ans.(a) X
1
10
P
1 0° A 2 j
20 10 Unknown
4V network
Q 1j
Y
Opening the terminals P & Q, the circuit becomes
as under, For calculating the Thevenin’s equivalent
impedance open circuit the current source and
the equivalent circuit becomes as under,
Thevenin equivalent voltage is open circuited X X

voltage seen across the terminals, 1 1
10
 V th = 4 2j  2 j
10  10
 V th = 2 Volts 1j
1j
Equivalent circuit for Rth : Y
Y
NETWORK THEORY 46
Theorems
So, Thevenin’s equivalent impedance, For finding the thevenins resistance, short
Z th = 1+ (2 j – j) = (1 + j)  circuiting the ideal independent voltage source and
connecting a voltage source of V volt across AB.
2k 3VAB I
X+ 2 A
1 +
I1 I
+
2k 1k V
1 0° A 2 j
Vth
B
1j 3V I
Y_ +
2 A I
I1
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage is open circuited 1k 1k
+
V
voltage seen across the terminals XY.
Therefore, Vth = 1 0° (1+j) = 2 45° B
Hence option (d) is correct answer. Now from above circuit,
10. The Thevenin’s equivalent of a circuit operating at V
(t) = 5 rad/s, I1 = 3
 103 V
Voc = 3.71 – 15.90 V and Z0 =2.38 – j0.667 . At 1 10
this frequency, the minimal realization of the 4V
Thevenin’s impedance will have a and I2 =  4  103 V
1  103
(a) resistor and a capacitor and an inductor Apply KCL at A,
(b) resistor and a capacitor I = I1 + I2
(c) resistor and an inductor
(d) capacitor and an inductor  I = 5 × 10–3 V
V
GATE(EE/2008|1M)  = Rth = 0.2 k
I
Thus Thevenin’s resistance is 0.2 k
10. Ans.(b)
Given Z 0 = 2.38 – j0.667  12. For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s voltage
across the terminals A and B is
j
 Z0 = R  (a) 1.25 V (b) 0.25 V
C (c) 1 V (d) 0.5 V
Thus for minimal realization Z0 will be a combination GATE(EE/2009| 2 Marks
of a resistor and capacitor.
Statement for Linked Answer Question 11 and 12 :
12. Ans.(d)
2 k 3VAB
A Short circuiting the terminals AB, the equivalent
+
circuit becomes as under,
5V + 2k 1k 2k 3VAB 2k 3VAB
+– A +– A
Isc Isc
B 5V + 2k 1k  5V + 2k
B B
11. For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s
resistance across the terminals A and B is 2k 0V
A
(a) 0.5 k (b) 0.2 k Isc
(c) 1 k (d) 0.11 5V +

GATE(EE/2009| 2 Marks
B
 Isc = 2.5 mA
11. Ans.(b) Now Thevenin’s voltage,
NETWORK THEORY 47
Theorems
V th = Rth  Isc 14. Ans.(d)
= 0.2  103  2.5  10 Resistance of a 200 W / 220 V lamp is given as,
= 0.5 V. V 2 (220) 2 484
13. The equivalent capacitance of the input loop of R1 =  
P 200 2
the
= 242 
I1 1K 1K
If n number of 200 W / 220 V lamps are connected
1K in series to consume the same total power as a
Input 49 I1 single 100W/220V consumes then,
loop 100 µF
100 µF V2
= 100
nR
(a) 2 µF (b) 100 µF (220)2
(c) 200 µF (d) 4 µF  = 100
nR
GATE(EE/2009| 2 Marks
(220)2
 nR =
100
13. Ans.(a)
48400
I1 1 k 1 k and n = =2
100  242
+ Thus the required number of lamps are 2.
1 k 49I1
V1 15. The current through the 2 k resistance in the
100 F
1
50I1 circuit shown is
jC C=100F
– 1k 1k
C
KVL in input loop, A B
2k
V1 =
D
1 1k 1k
1I1  1I1   (I1  49I1 )
jC
6V
where, C = 100F
(a) 0 mA (b) 1 mA
 50  (c) 2 mA (d) 6 mA
 V 1 = 2  I
6  1
 j 100  10  GATE(EE/2009|1M)
V1 50
 Z1 = = 2
I1 j 100  106 15. Ans.(a)
1 1k C 1k
 Z 1 = R eq 
jCeq A B
2k
100 D
where, R eq = 2 and Ceq = F = 1k 1k
50
2F
14. How many 200W/220V incandescent lamps 6V
connected in series would consume the same total
The given circuit is a balanced bridge circuit, so
power as a single 100W/220V incandescent lamp
the points C and D will have same potential.
?
Therefore, there will be no current through the 2
(a) not possible (b) 4
kbranch.
(c) 3 (d) 2
GATE(EE/2009|1M) 16. In the circuit given below, the value of R required
for the transfer of maximum power to the load
NETWORK THEORY 48
Theorems
having a resistance of 3 is transferred from circuit A to circuit B is
R
2 R
6
+ 3 Load
10V
+ +
~ 10V –j1  ~ 3V
(a) zero (b) 3  – –
(c) 6  (d) infinity
GATE(EE/2011 | 1 Mark
16. Ans.(a) Circuit A Circuit B
R
(a) 0.8  (b) 1.4 
6 (c) 2  (d) 2.8 
+ Load GATE(EE/2012|2M)
10V RL = 3
–
According to maximum power transfer theorem 17. Ans.(a)

the power transfered to load is maximum when
load resistance is equal to thevenin’s equivalent
2 i X R
resistance seen across the load terminals. For
thevenin’s equivalent resistance voltage source +
is shorted circuited as shown below,
+ +
R
~ 10V v ~ 3V
– –
6 RTH –
Y
6 R Circuit A Circuit B
RTH =
6R
Current ‘i’ from network A to B,
At maximum power transfer,
R L = RTH 10  3 7
i = 
6 R 2R 2R
 3 = Voltage across terminal X and Y,
6R
 R = 6 7
Power transferred to load, v = 10 – 2 i = 10 – 2 ×
2R
2
 10  100 14
PL =   3 = 3 =
 3 3 36 = 10 –
2R
8.33 W Power transferred from network A to B,
When, R = 0 P =
Whole voltage appears load. The power
transferred to load is,  14  7
vi  10  
(10) 2  2R  2R
PL = = 33.33 W
3 70 98
So, maximum power is transfered to load in given P = 
2  R (2  R) 2
circuit when R = 0.
17. Assuming both the voltage sources are in phase, P
For P to be maximum, 0
the value of R for which maximum power is R
NETWORK THEORY 49
Theorems
70 196 vx
  2
 = 0 ib = –
(2  R) (2  R)3 10  103
 196 = 70 (2 + R) ......(i)
196  140 vx
 R =  0.8 and i1 =
70 100
Therefore, for maximum power transfered from .......(ii)
network A to B, R = 0.8 . Applying KCL at node ‘a’,
18. The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the – ib + i1 – ix – 99 ib = 0
given circuit is Putting expression of ib and i1 from (i) and (ii) in
ib above equation, we have,
vx v 99
1k 3
 x  ix  vx = 0
99ib 10  10 100 10  10 3
9k
vx
 =
ix
1
100
2 1
1 1 99
 
(a) 50 (b) 100 10  103 100 10  103
(d) 5k (d) 10.1k = 50 
GATE(EE/2012|1M) Therefore, impedance looking into terminals 1 and
18. Ans.(a) 2 is 50 
ib 19. In the circuit shown below, if the source voltage
Vs = 10053.13° V then the Thevenin’s equiva-
lent voltage in Volts as seen by the load resis-
1k
99ib tance RL is
9k
3 j4 j6 5
+ –
VL1
1 + +
100 VS j40I2 10VL1 RL=10
– –
2 I1 I2
Connecting a source vx across terminals 1 and 2, (a) 10090° (b) 8000°

the circuit can be drawn as under, (c) 80090° (d) 10060°
ib GATE(EE/2013|2M)
1k 99ib 19. Ans.(c)

9k
a 3 j4 j6 5
i1 + –
ix VL1
100 vx + +
VS j40I2 10VL1 RL=10
– –
I1 I2
From above circuit, Given, Vs = 100 53.13º
For finding the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage

across load the load resistance is replaced by open
NETWORK THEORY 50
Theorems
circuit. When load resistance is replaced by open (a) R-L-C networks
circuit the current I2 becomes zero and hence (b) Networks containing diodes and R-C
dependent source on source side also becomes elements
zero. Then equivalent circuit can be drawn as (c) Linear op-amp circuits
under, (d) None
3 j4 j6 5 GATE(IN/

+ – +
VL1 1. Ans.(b)
VS + 10VL1
VLoad Super position theorem does not hold for circuits
–
I1 containing non linear elements such as diodes.
– 2. For the circuit shown in figure R is adjusted to
Given, Vs = 100 53.13º have maximum power transferred to it. The
maximum power transferred is
Vs 10053.13
From input loop, I 1 = 3  j4  3  j4
10 V
100
= (53.13º 53.14º ) 200º 6A 1 R
5
A
Voltage across inductor,
V L1 = j4 I1 = j4 × 20 0º = (a) 16 W (b) 32 W
8090º (c) 64 W (d) 100 W
Load voltage,V Load = 10 VL1 = 10 × 80  90º =
GATE(IN/
800  90º
20 A source vs(t) = V cos100t has an internal im- 2. Ans.(c)
pedance of (4 + j3). If a purely resistive load For maximum power transfer, R should have the
connected to this source has to extract the maxi- value equal to the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
mum power out of the source, its value in  should seen across it.
be Now for finding Rth, replacing voltage source by
(a) 3 (b) 4 short circuit and current source by open circuit.
(c) 5 (d) 7 The equivalent circuit becomes as below,
GATE(EE/2013|1M)
20. Ans.(c)
Given,  s = V cos 100 t, Zs = 4 + j3 1 Rth

Zs
Thus R th = 1 
So for maximum power transfer given network
s
+ RL becomes as under,
–
10 V
Maximum power is transferred to load when load

resistance is equal to magnitude to source 1
6A 1
impedance.
 R L = |Z s|
Therefore, R L = 42  32  5 
1. Superposition theorem does not hold for Converting the current source shown in the figure
NETWORK THEORY 51
Theorems
into voltage source, the circuit becomes When R = 10 , VR = 20 V
20 Vth
10V  = R  10
10 th
1 I  V th = 2Rth + 20
......(i)
6V R = 1 Case-II :
When R = 20 , VR = 30 V
30 Vth
 = R  20
Current through R, I = 20 th
 2V th = 3Rth + 60
10  6 ......(ii)
= 8A
2 From (i) and (ii) we have,
Maximum power consumed by R can be given R th = 20 
as and V th = 2 × 20 + 20
Pmax, R = I2 R = (8)2 × 1 = 64 W  V th = 60 Volts
3. For the circuit shown in figure VR = 20 V when Case-III :
R = 10  and VR = 30 V when R = 20 . For When R = 80 
R = 80 . VR will read as
Apply the voltage divider rule we have,

80
(a) 48 V (b) 60 V VR =  60
100
(c) 120 V (d) 160 V
 VR = 48 Volts
GATE(IN/
4. The output resistance across the terminals
1 and 2 of the DC bridge in Fig. is
3. Ans.(a)
20 k 25 k
4V
+ 1 V 2
Replacing two terminal DC network by its o
thevenin’s equivalent network, 
30 k 25 k
Current through resistance R, (a) 12.5 k (b) 24.5 k

(c) 25.0 k (d) 100 k
Vth
IR = R  R GATE(IN/
th
VR
Also, IR =
R 4. Ans.(b)
VR Vth
 = R R
R th
Case-I :
NETWORK THEORY 52
Theorems
i(t)  10 2sin(1000t) A


20 k 25 k
4V
ZL
+ 1 V 2

o
XS j

30 k 25 k
From given source,
 = 1000 rad/sec
The output resistance across the terminals 1 and Reactance, Xs = jL = j (103) (10×10–3)
2 of the given DC bridge is resistance seen across Thus Xs = j10 
the teminals with voltage source replaced by short Now for calculating Thevenin’s equivalent
circuit. The equivalent circuit by replacing the volt- impedance across ZL, open circuiting the current
age source by short circuit can be drawn as un- source, the circuit becomes as under,
der,
A
10
20 k 25 k Z th
j10
1 V 2
o
B
30 k 25 k
Z th = 10 + j10
The the resistance seen across terminals 1 and 2 Z L = Zth* = 10 – j10
can be given as, Thus the equivalent circuit becomes as under,
20  30 25  25
R 12 = 
20  30 25  25 10  10 
= 24.5 k
5. In the circuit shown below the maximum power iL
i(t)
that can be transferrred to the load ZL is
j10 
j10 
10 
B
i ( t )  10 2 sin(1000t )A ZL
10 mH Now the rms value of current flowing through
the load,
(a) 250 W (b) 500 W 10  10 j

iL, rms =  10
(c) 1000 W (d) 2000 W 10  10 j  10  10 j
GATE(IN/ (current divider rule)
10  10 j
 iL, rms =
2
5. Ans.(b)
 iL, rms = 5(1 + j) A
Maximum power will be transferred to the load
ZL when it equal to the complex conjugate of  |iL, rms| = 5 2
source impedance or the Thevenin’s equivalent In the load impedance the active power will be
impedance seen across ZL. consumed by the resistance only.
The given circuit can be drawn as under,
NETWORK THEORY 53
Theorems
So Pmax = |iL, rms|2 RL
= (5 2)2 × 10 =500 W 2 R
6. The source network S is connected to the load

network L as shown by dashed lines. The power + +
transferred from S to L would be maximum when
RL is
~ 10V –j1  ~ 3V
– –
2 RL
+ + Circuit A Circuit B
10V 3V
– – (a) 0.8  (b) 1.4 
(c) 2  (d) 2.8 
Source Network S Load Network L
GATE(IN/
(a) 0  (b) 0.6 
(c) 0.8  (d) 2 
GATE(IN/
7. Ans.(a)
6. Ans.(d) 2 i X R
As per maximum power transfer theorem a load +
resistance RL will consume maximum power + +
when RL = Rth where Rth is the Thevenin’s
equivalent resistance seen across the terminals
~ 10V v ~ 3V
– –
of RL.
For calculating the Rth of given circuit, short –
circuiting the ideal voltage sources, the circuit Y
becomes as under, Circuit A Circuit B
2 Rth Current ‘i’ from network A to B,

10  3 7
i = 
2R 2R
Voltage across terminal X and Y,
7
v = 10 – 2 i = 10 – 2 ×
2R
Here, R th = 2
Thus at maximum power transfer from source to 14
= 10 –
load 2R
R L = Rth = 2. Power transferred from network A to B,
P =
7. Assuming both the voltage sources are in phase,  14  7

vi  10  
the value of R for which maximum power is  2R  2R
transferred from circuit A to circuit B is
20  10R  14
P = 7
(2  R) 2
6  10R
P = (2  R) 2  7
NETWORK THEORY 54
Theorems
For P to be maximum,
ib
P
= 0
R 99ib
9k 1k
2
(2  R)  10  (6  10R)  (2R  4) a
 7 = 0
(2  R) 4 i1 ix
 (4 + 4R + R2)10 – (20R2 + 52R + 24) = 0 100 vx
 – 10R2 – 12R + 16 = 0
 R = 0.82 
The resistance of passive circuit cannot be nega- From above circuit,
tive, therefore, for maximum power transfered
vx
from network A to B, R = 0.8 . ib = –
8. The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the 10  103
given circuit is ......(i)
vx
ib and i1 =
100
.....(ii)
1k 99ib
9k Applying KCL at node ‘a’,
– ib + i1 – ix – 99 ib = 0
Putting expression of ib and i1 from (i) and (ii) in
100 1 above equation, we have,
2
vx v 99
3
 x  ix  vx = 0
10  10 100 10  103
(a) 50 (b) 100
(d) 5k (d) 10.1k vx
 =
GATE(IN/ ix
1
1 1 99
8. Ans.(a)  
10  103 100 10  103
ib = 50 
Therefore, impedance looking into terminals 1 and
1k 2 is 50 
99ib
9k 9. A source vs(t) = V cos100t has an internal
impedance of 4 + j3  If a purely resistive load
connected to this source has to extract the
1 maximum power out of the source, its value in 
100 2
should be
(a) 3 (b) 4
Connecting a source vx across terminals 1 and 2, (c) 5 (d) 7
the circuit can be drawn as under,
GATE(IN/
9. Ans.(c)
Given,  s = V cos 100 t, Zs = 4 + j3

NETWORK THEORY 55
Theorems
Zs VS2
= 2
RS  RL  
XS2
RL RL
+ RL
s
– VS2
=
D
Maximum power is transferred to load when load R S2 X2

where, D =  R L  2R S  S
resistance is equal to magnitude to source RL RL
impedance. For PL to be maximum, D should be minimum
 R L = |Z s| and D is minimum when
Therefore, R L = 42  32  5  D
R L = 0
24. A non-ideal voltage source Vs has an internal R S2 X S2

   1  =0
impedance of Zs. If a purely resistive load is to b R L2 R L2
chosen that maximizes the power transferred to
the load, its value must be  RL = R S2  X S2  ZS 
(a) 0 Therefore, power transferred to the load is
(b) real part of Zs maximum when load resistance is equal to the
(c) magnitude of Zs magnitude of source impedance.
(d) complex conjugate of Zs 29. The Norton’s equivalent source in amperes as
2014(EE-III) - 1 Mark seen into the terminals X and Y is.
24. Ans.(c)
2.5V
Rs jXs
X
2.5 
+
Vs RL 5
IL
– 5 5
5V
Y
2014(EE-III) - 2 Mark
Source impedance, 29. Ans.: 2
Z s = Rs + jXs
Vs
Load current, IL =
R s  R L  jX s
VS
|IL| = 2
 RS  R L   XS 2
Power transferred to load,
VS2
2
PL = |IL| RL = 2
.R L
 RS  R L   XS2
NETWORK THEORY 56
Theorems
Note : Answer given in key is 2A.
2.5 V
6. Norton’s theorem states that a complex network
X connected to a load can be replaced with an
equivalent impedance
(a) in series with current source
2.5  (b) in parallel with a valtage source
(c) in series with a voltage source
(d) in prallel with a current source
5 IN 2014(EC-II) 1 Mark
A
6. Ans (d)
Norton’s theorem states that a complex network
5 5 connected to a load can be replaced with an
equivalent impedance in prallel with a current
source.
5V
6. For maximum power transfer between two
B Y
cascaded sections of an electrical network, the
relationship between the output impedance Z1 of
Short circuit across X and Y bypasses the the first section to the input impedance Z2 of the
resitance and equivalent circuit becomes as under, second section is
(a) Z1 = Z1 (b) Z2 = – Z1
2.5 V
(c) Z2  Z1* (d) Z2   Z1*
X 2014(EC-I)-1 Mark
6. Ans.(c)
2.5 
IN
A
5 5 Z1 Z2
Network-1 Network-2
Maximum power is transferred from network-1

5V B Y to network-2 when input impedance of network-
2 is complex conjugate of output impedance of
Applying KCL at node (A), we have network-2.
 For maximum power transfer.
VA  5 VA VA  2.5 Z2 = Z1*
  =0
5 5 2.5
29. For the given circuit, the Thevenin equivalent is
0
VA = 0 to be determined. The Thevenin voltage, Vth (in
1 1 1
  volt), seen from terminal AB is ........
5 5 2.5
Short circuited current through terminals
X and Y is Nortan’s equivalent source current.
VA  2.5 0  2.5
 IN = 
2.5 2.5
= 1A
NETWORK THEORY 57
Theorems
20i 4
1  VTh = 21   3.36V
– + A
25
41. In the circuit shown, the Norton equivalent
+ resistance (in ) across terminals a – b is .........
2V 1 i 2
2
a
B
2015(EE-I) - 1 Mark + 4I
– 2 4
29. Ans.(3.3 to 3.4)
I
b
20i
1 'C' 2015(EC-II) - 2 Mark
i2
– + A
i1 41. Ans.: 1.30 to 1.35
+
2V 1 2 2
– i a
B
+ 2 4
4I
–
Voltage at node ‘C’,

I
Vc = 1 × i = i b
Current in 2 resistance,
20i  Vc Norton’s equivalent resistance across terminals
i1 =
2 of a network with dependent source alone can
be obtained by connecting a source of 1A across
20i  i 21 the terminals
 i1 =  i
2 2
2 a
Current supplied by 2V battery,
21 23
i2 = i1  i  ii  i
2 2
+
Apply KVL in left loop, + 2 4
4I V Is = 1A
2 = 1 × i2 + i –
–
23 25 I
 2 = ii  i
2 2
b
4
 i = A
25 V
Current in 4 resistance, I 
Open circuited voltage across A and B is 4
thevenin’s voltage VTh, Applying KCL at node ‘a’,
21 V V V  4I
 VTh = 2i1  2  i  21i    1 = 0
2 2 4 2
NETWORK THEORY 58
Theorems
V
V  4
V V 4 =1 Zth = 1+j
  
2 4 2
IL
3V
 = 1
4 Vth 2.8345°V RL
4
 V =
3
 Norton’s equivalent resistnace seen across
terminals a-b,
V 4 Current supplied to RL
R N = I  3  1.33
s
Vth 2.8345
IL = 
Z th  R L 1  j  R L
42. In the given circuit, the maximum power (in watts)
that can be transferred to the load RL is
2.83
2 IL = 2 2
1  R L   1
Power consumed by RL
~ 40V ms j2 RL
PL = I L 2 R L 
2.83
 RL
2
1  R L   12
2015(EC-I) - 2 Mark 2.83 2.83

= 2

42. 1.6 to 1.7 1  R L  1 D

RL RL
2 a 2
1  R L  
1
where, D =
RL RL
+
For PL to e maximum, D should be minimum and
40°C j2 RL
D is minimum when,
–
n
= 0
R L
b
  1 1 
 R  R L  2  R  R  = 0
L  L L 
Thevenin’s equivalent across ferminats a-b,
j2  2 2
Z th = 1 j  1 = 0
j2  2 R L2
 RL = 2  1.414
j2
V th =  40 Note : Maximum power is transfersed to a purely
2  j2
resistive load, where
= 2.83 45
R L = Z th  R th 2  X th 2
NETWORK THEORY 59
Theorems
Note : Given range of answer i.e. 1.6 to 1.7 is
incorrect. Ri Rs
41. Consider the circuits shown in the figure. The
I1
magnitude of the ratio of the currents, i.e., I ,
2 FE RL
is ................
5 (a) 0 (b) RL – Ri
3 4 I1 (c) RL (d) RL + Ri
2V 2015(IN) - 1 Mark
21. Ans.(a)
Rs
Ri
4
5 3 IL
I2 2V
E RL
2015(IN) - 2 Mark
41. Ans.(1)
E
Load current, IL =
Ri  Rs  R L
Power consumed by load,
2 3 4 5 3 4
I1 I2 P L = IL 2 R L
For PL to be maximum IL should be maximum
2V 2V and IL is maximum when Rs = 0.
34. In the circuit shown in the figure, the maximum
power (in watt) delivered to the resistor R is
According to reciprocity theorem the value of ............
current measured in a circuit remains same if
locations of measurement of current and source
are inter changed provided there is single source 3k 10k
+
in the notwork. + 5 V 2k v0 +
Applying reciprocity in the given networks, we –
– – 100v0 40k R
have,
I1 = I2
I1 2016(EC-I) - 2 Mark
 34. Ans. : 0.78 to 0.82
I2 = 1
21. A load resistor RL is connected to a battery of
voltage E with internal resistance Ri through a
resistance Rs as shown in the figure. For fixed
values of RL and Ri, the value of Rs( 0) for
maximum power transfer to RL is
NETWORK THEORY 60
Theorems
Pmax = I2 R = (10 × 10–3)2 × 8 × 10 3
3k 10k x  Pmax = 0.8 W
6. In the circuit shown below, Vs is a constant
+ voltage source and IL is a constant current load.
5V +
– 2k vo + 40k
R
– –
100vo R
+
y VS IL
–
The maximum power consumed by ‘R’ can be
obtained by finding Thevenin’s equivalent seen
across resistance. The value of IL that maximizes the power ab-
Open circuited voltage across ‘R’, sorbed by the constant current load is
40 Vs Vs
V o c=  100vo  80v o (a) (b)
40  10 4R 2R
From input side, Vs
(c) (d) 
2 R
vo =  5  2V 2016(EC-II) - 1 Mark
23
6. Ans.(b)
 Vo c = 80 × 2 = 160 V
Short circuited current through terminal xy, R
100v o
ISC =  10  103 v o +
10k
 ISC = 10 × 10–3 × 2 = 20 mA +
Vs VL IL
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen across R, –
Voc 160
R th =   8k
Isc 20  103 –
At maximum power transfer,

R = RTh = 8 k Voltage across load,
Then equivalent circuit becomes as shown below V L = Vs – ILR
Power consumed by load
P L = VL IL   VS  IL R  IL
X I = VS IL – IL2 R
Here IL is assumed to be variable
RTh = 8k  At maximum power transfer w.r. to IL,
dPL
160V R = RTh = 8k dI L = 0
 VS – 2IL R = 0
VS
 IL =
2R
Y 32. Consider the circuit shown in the figure
Current in R,
160
I =  10 mA
 8  8   103
Maximum power consumed by R,
NETWORK THEORY 61
Theorems
– + 3io
3 i0 – +
P (a) (b) P
1 i0
1 io
1 1 + +
10 V +
– 1 1 IS =1A VS
1 – –
Q 1 i
The Thevenin equivalent resistance (in ) across c

Q
P-Q is _______.
2017(EC-II) - 2 Mark
32. Ans. :  1.01 to  0.99 Voltage, Vs = io × 1 = io .....(i)
Applying KCL at node ‘c’
3io
i – io + 1 = 0
– +
i = – 1+ io .....(ii)
P Applying KVL in the loop,
1 – i ×1 + 3io – io × 1 = 0 .....(iii)
10V + 1 1 Putting expression i from (ii) in (iii), we have,
–
–(–1 + io) + 3io – io = 0
Q  i0 = –1A
1
Putting value of i0 in (i), we have,
When a circuit consists of dependent and Vs = – 1 × 1 = – 1V
independent sources, the Thevenin’s equivalent Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen across
resistance between two terminals can be terminals P and Q,
obtained by replacing independent voltage source
by short circuit and independent current source VS 1
Tth =   1
by open circuit and connectiving a current IS 1
source of 1A between the terminals. The 43. In the circuit shown below, the maximum power
dependent sources are kept in the circuit in tact. transferred to the resistor R is_____W
Now replacing 10V source by short circuit and
connecting 1A source between terminals P & 3
Q, the circuit become as under,
5
–+
6V
+ R 5 2A
– 5V
2017(EE-I) - 2 Mark
43. Ans. : 3 to 3.1
NETWORK THEORY 62
Theorems
3 3
5
5 a
–+
6V a 6V
Rth
+ R 5 2A 5
– 5V
n
The maximum power transferred to resistance 5 5

‘R’ can be obtained by finding the Thevenin’s  R th =  2.5
55
equivalent resistance across terminals of ‘R’. The
circuit can be redrawn by opening the terminals Equivalent circuit,
of ‘R’ as under,
2.5 a
3
5 – 11 R = 2.5
a b Vth
– + + 2
+ 6V
+ 5V V0C 5
– 2A n
n –
For maximum power transfer, to ‘R’
R = Rth = 2.5
Voltage at node a Va = V0C Current through R,
Voltage at node ‘b’, 11
V b = Va + 6 = Voc + 6 .....(i) 2 11
I = 
Node ‘a’ & ‘b’ form a super node and applying 2.5  2.5 10
KCL at super node, we have Maximum power transferred to ‘R’,
Va  5 Va  Vb Vb  Va Vb 2
   20 2  11 
5 3 3 5 Pmax = I R     2.5
 10 
 Va + Vb + 5 = 0 .....(ii)
 Pmax = 3.025W
From (i) and (ii),
 Voc + (Voc + 6) + 5 = 0
 2Voc = – 11 30. In the circuit shown below, the value of capacitor
C required for maximum power to be transferred
11 to the load is
Voc = 
2
11
 V th = Voc   V
2
Replacing voltage sources by short circuit and
current sources by open circuit, the circuit
become as under,
NETWORK THEORY 63
Theorems
R 1  jC
Rs = 0.5 jL  
Z = 1  jCR 1jCR
5mH R  jC 
10 sin(100t) v(t) Z = 1  2 C2 R 2  j L 1  2 C2 R 2 
1 C  Z = RL + jX
where RL
Load 41. For the network given in figure below, the
Thevenin’s voltage Vab is:
(A) 1 nF (B) 1 µF 10 10
P Q
(C) 1 mF (D) 10 mF
2017(EE-II) - 2 Mark
30. Ans. : b a +
6A 5 10
b – 16V
R5 = 0.5
jL = j0.5
(a) –1.5V (b) –0.5V
v(t) = 10 sin 100t
(c) 0.5V (d) 1.5V
R 1 C 2017(EE-II) - 2 Mark
41. Ans. (a)
10 10
Frequency of input signal,  = 100 rod/sec. P Q
 jL = j100 × 5 × 10–7 = j0.5

a +
v(t) = 10 sin 100t 6A 5 10
b – 16V
10
Vrms = 0  5 2 0
2
Current supplied by source,
5 2 0 Converting 6A current source to voltage source,

I = 1
1
jC 5 P 10 Q 10
0.5  j0.5 
1
1
j C a
P1
10
 b
I = 5 2 0 + 6 × 5 = 30V 16V
+
– –
Load Impedance,
1
R
j C
Z = jL  1 Applying at node ‘a’ we have,
R
j C Va  30 Va Va  16
  0
15 10 10
NETWORK THEORY 64
Theorems
 2Va + 60 + 3Va + 3Va – 48 = 0
3 I1'' 2
 8Va = – 12
I3''
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage across terminals
ab is open circuited voltage seen across ab, 6 V2
 Vth =Va – Vb = – 1.5 – 0 = – 1.5V
30. I n the given circuit, superposition is applied. When
V2 is set to 0 V, the current I2 is –6 A. When V1
is set to 0 V, the current I1 is +6 A. Current I3 (in Given, I1’ = 6 A
A) when both sources are applied will be (up to Applying current divider rule,
two decimal places) _____.
3 3
I3’’ =  I ''   6 = 3 A
3 I1 I2 2 6 6
I3 Applying Superposition theorem we have,
I3 = I3’ + I3’’ =  2 + 3 = 1 A
V1 6 V2 7. T he Thevenin equivalent circuit representation
across terminals p-q of the circuit shown in the
figure is a
GATE(IN/2018/2M) 100 k
p
30. Ans.(0.95 to 1.05) 100 k
3 I1 I2 3 4V + 100 k
–
I3
q
V1 6 V2
(a) 1 V source in series with 150 k
(b) 1 V source in parallel with 100 k
(c) 2 V source in series with 150 k
The equivalent circuit when V2 = 0 (d) 2 V source in parallel with 200 k
GATE(IN/2018/1M)
3 I1' I 2' 2
7. Ans.(c)
I3'
100 k
V1 6 p
100 k
4V + 100 k
–
Given, I2’ =  6 A q
Applying current divider rule,
Open circuited voltage seen across the terminals
2 2 p and q,
I3’ =  I2 '   (6) =  2 A
6 6
100k
The equivalent circuit when V2 = 0 Voc = 4 = 2 V
100k  100k
So, Thevenin’s equivalent votlage,
NETWORK THEORY 65
Theorems
Vth =Voc = 2V maximum when load resistance is equal to
The Thevenin’s equivalent resistance is resistance source resistance.
seen across terminals p & q by short circuiting  At maximum power transfer in given
the input voltage source. circuit,
RL = 5 
100 k
p 4. Consider the two-port resistive network shown
100 k in the figure. When an excitation of 5 V is
applied across Port 1, and Port 2 is shorted, the
100 k Rth
current through the short circuit at Port 2 is
measured to be 1 A (see (a) in the figure).
q Now, if an excitation of 5 V is applied across
Port 2, and Port 1 is shorted (see (b) in the
100k  100k figure), what is the current through the short
Rth = 100k  = 150 k circuit at Port 1?
100k  100k
So, the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit becomes as 1 2
under,
Rth = 150 k Port 1 R Port 2

p
+ 1 2
– Vth = 2V
q
5V +
– R 1A
(a)
17. In the circuit shown below, maximum power is
transferred to the load resistanceRL, when RL 1 2
= _________.
5 ? R + 5V
–
5V + RL (b)
–
(a) 0.5A (b) 1A
(c) 5A (d) 2.5A
GATE(EC/2019/1M)
GATE(IN/2019/1M) 4. Ans.(b)
17. Ans.(5 to 5) According to Reciprocity theorem if excitation
and response are interchanged in an reciprocal
5
two port network the response remains
unchanged for same excitation.
5V +
– RL
According to maximum power transfer

theorem the power transferred to a load is
NETWORK THEORY 66
Theorems
1 1 2 2
5V + R I = 1A
–
1 2
1 1 2 2
I = ? R + 5V
–
1 2
Here the location of 5 V source and

measurement of current are interchanged with
no change in the network. Therefore, as per
reciprocity theorem,
I = I = 1A
Network Theorems NETWORKST HEORY [1]
19. The Thevenin equivalent voltage, VTH, in V (rounded off to 2 decimal places) of the network shown below,
is _______ .
2 3
+
4V +
– 3 5A VTH
GATE(EE/2020/1M)
19. Ans(13.80 to 14.20)
‘A’ 2 ‘B’ 3
C
+
4V +
–
3 5A VTH
–
D
Voltage at node ‘A’, VA = 4V
Applying KCL at node ‘B’, we have,
VB − VA
− 5 = 0
2
V −4
B − 5 = 0
2
VB = 14V
Since, terminals CD are open so current in 3Ω resistance is zero.
∴ VTH = VB = 14V
9. In the circuit shown below, the Thevenin voltage VTH is
2V 2 4
–+
+
1A 1 2A 2 VTH
(a) 2.4 V (b) 2.8 V

(c) 3.6 V (d) 4.5 V
GATE(EC/2020/1M)
9. Ans(c)
Converting 1A source to voltage source, the circuit becomes as under,
1 2V 2 4
‘A’
–+ B
1V +
– 2A 2 VTH
C
Applying KCL at node ‘A’, we have,
Network Theorems NETWORKST HEORY [2]
VA − 3 V
− 2 + A = 0
3 2
2VA – 6 – 12 + 3VA = 0
5VA = 18
VA = 3.6 V
Since, terminals B & C are open so current in 4Ω resistance is zero.
∴ VTH = VA = 3.6V

Chapter 10 Network Theorems

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Chapter 10 Network Theorems

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10

Thevenin’s equivalent voltage

Replacing 100 0° by Short circuit to obtain Zth ,

Where, IX is the current supplied by the source.

+Vs 10 10 A

Vth 138.13 138.13

Case-III. Circuits with dependent sources only :

Where, IX is the current supplied by the source.

IN = ISC = Short circuit current through the terminals.

ZN is obtained by using either of the following two techniques,:

where , Ix is current supplied by Vx

Taking voltage source only

Given i(t) = u(t)

Step-1.Taking current source only

Apply KCL at node ‘A’

KCL at node ‘A’

Apply KCL At node (A)

Minimization of D w.r.t. RL:

Maximum power transfered,

Power transfered to load

Thevenin’s equivalent resistnace seen across 1  resistance ,

i(t) = 10 2 sin 1000 t

(100 2) 2 100  100  2

KCL at node (A)

KCL at node (A)

From equation (i) and (ii) we have

10.6 Tellegen’s Theorem

10.7 Compensation Theorem

20( j15  20)

Using KCL at node (A)

Change in current through 3  resistance

Note : The power drawn by the branch should remain same.

GATE Practice Questions

1. Ans.(a,d) (a) 20 (b) 40

When I is active alone, then

  Applying voltage divider rule, we have,

Fig. (a) Fig. (b) GATE(EC/

reversed then direction of current will also get

The load resistance consumes maximum power

Rth = 2.5   R th = 100 

(a) 4/3 V, 2 (b) 4 V, 2/3

According to maximum power transfer theorem Q

(a) 50 (b) 100

Voltage across terminal X and Y,

P From above circuit,

Given, Vs = 100 53.13º

GATE(EE/1991 | 2 Mark. From vi-characteristics,

Vth v 20 V v Time constant of RL circuit,

(c) 70 30o (d) 34.4 65o

(a) 12 V (b) 10 V ~ 1100° RL 900° ~

(a) 2200 W (b) 1250 W

Thevenin equivalent voltage is open circuited X X

According to maximum power transfer theorem 17. Ans.(a)

Connecting a source vx across terminals 1 and 2, (a) 10090° (b) 8000°

1k 99ib 19. Ans.(c)

From above circuit, Given, Vs = 100 53.13º

For finding the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage

3 j4 j6 5 GATE(IN/

Maximum power is transferred to load when load

Apply the voltage divider rule we have,

thevenin’s equivalent network, 

Current through resistance R, (a) 12.5 k (b) 24.5 k

(a) 250 W (b) 500 W 10  10 j

6. The source network S is connected to the load