Mathematical Techniques for Control

System Analysis
Review of Complex Variables, Laplace
Transforms
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Complex Variables, Functions
• The
  design of control systems depends greatly on the application of complex-
variable theory.
• Complex variable s = .
• Complex Function F(s) = real F(s) + j imaginary F(s)
• Complex functions:
• Single-valued Function
• Multivalued Function
• Most of the complex functions encountered in control systems are single valued
functions.
Analytic function , Ordinary points
• A complex-variable function F(s) is analytic in a region if the function and
all of its derivatives exist at every point in that region.

• The points in the ‘s’ plane where F(s) is analytic are defined as ordinary
points
Singularities, Poles and Zeros
• Singularities : are defined as points in the s plane where the function, or its
derivatives, do not exist.
• Important example of singularity is a pole.
Why Laplace Transform?
• Great number of physical systems are linear within some range of the variables.
• This ability of linear approximations allow the analyst to use Laplace transform.
• It is helpful in the solution of ordinary differential equations describing the
behavior of systems.
• The result of transformation is purely algebraic in ‘s’ domain, which can be easily
manipulated to obtain the solution for the desired quantity as an explicit function
of the complex variable.
• We can transform more signals than we can with the Fourier Transform, because
the Fourier Transform is a special case of the Laplace Transform.
• We can use pole/zero diagrams from the Laplace Transform to determine the
frequency response of a system and whether or not the system is stable.
Definition
•  Let f(t) be a real function of a real variable ‘t’ defined for ‘t>0’, then
Laplace transform
• Inverse Laplace transform ,
•
• The Laplace transform exist if the transformation integral converges,

• The signals that are physically realizable always have Laplace transform.
Important Laplace transform pairs
List out the location of
poles in s plane.
 Properties
• Linearity:

• Scale Change:

• Real translation:

Complex translation:

• Real differentiation:
Properties
•  Differentiation in in ‘s’ domain: Multiplication by ‘t’:

• Integration in time domain :

• Convolution in time domain:

• Initial Value Theorem:

• Final Value Theorem: