Introduction to Laplace Transform and its application to engineering systems

Submitted by:Chitransh Kumar Sharma Deepak Gupta

P ierre-Simon Laplace

French mathematician who worked in astronomy, physics, and statistics Began work in calculus which led to the Laplace Transform Some of the math he worked on included: the general theory of determinants, proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one real quadratic factor, provided a solution to the linear partial differential equation of the second order, and solved many definite integrals. Focused later on celestial mechanics One of the first scientists to suggest the existence of black holes and gravitational collapse

H istory of the Transform

Euler began looking at integrals as solutions to differential equations in the mid 1700s:

z=

& z=

Lagrange took this a step further while working on probability density functions and looked at forms of the following equation:

dx
Finally, in 1785, Laplace began using a transformation to solve equations of finite differences which eventually lead to the current transform

dx

Formal definition
The Laplace transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t 0, is the function F(s), defined by The parameter s is a complex number: s= +i , with real numbers and Inverse Laplace transform: Bilateral Laplace transform:

L1[ F ( s )] = f (t ) =

+ j

L[f(t)]=F(s)=

2 j j

F ( s )e ts ds

Unilateral transform simply becomes a special case of the bilateral transform where the definition of the function being transformed is multiplied by the Heaviside step function.

Region of convergence
The set of values for which F(s) converges (conditionally or absolutely) is known

as the region of convergence (ROC). If the Laplace transform converges (conditionally) at s = , then converges for all s with Re(s) > Re( ). Therefore the region of convergence is a half-plane of the form Re(s) > a, possibly including some points of the boundary line Re(s) = a. In the region of convergence Re(s) > Re( ), the Laplace transform of f can be expressed by integrating by parts as the integral

LTI system is stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output. This is

equivalent to the absolute convergence of the Laplace transform of the impulse response function in the region Re(s) 0.

Restrictions
Continuity:- f(t) must be at least piecewise continuous for t 0

or else the integral would not be computable. L[f(t)]=F(s)=

Boundedness:-|f(t)| M

where M and are constants= or else the integral will not converge.

Properties of the unilateral Laplace transform

Initial value theorem

The 'Initial Value' theorem states that: and allows the determination of the value of f (t) at time t = 0+ , i.e. at a time instant immediately after time t = 0 .

F inal value theorem

The 'Final Value' theorem states that: and facilitates the determination of the value of f (t) as time tend towards infinity, i.e. the steady-state value of f (t) .
The utility of this theorem lies in not having to take the inverse of F(s) in order to find out the initial/final conditions in the time domain. This is particularly useful in circuits and systems.

Common Laplace Transforms

O

Common Laplace Transforms

O

Laplace Transform Example

Why Laplace transform?

The Advantages of this modern transform method for the analysis of linear-time-invariant (LTI) systems are the following: It includes the boundary or initial conditions. The mathematics involved in the solution is simple algebra. The work is systematized. The use of table of transforms reduces the required labor. Discontinuous inputs can be treated. The transient and the steadystate components of the solution are obtained simultaneously. The Disadvantage of transform methods If they are used mechanically without the knowledge of the actual theory involved, they sometimes yield erroneous results.

Applications
* Control Engineering * Communication * Signal Analysis and Design * System Analysis * Solving Differential Equations

Ex. SEmiconductor mobility

Semiconductors are commonly made with super lattices having layers of differing compositions need to determine properties of carriers in each layer
concentration of electrons and holes mobility of electrons and holes

conductivity tensor can be related to Laplace transform of electron and hole densities

Equations
R = ratio of induced electric field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field = electrical resistance H = magnetic field J = current density E = applied electric field n = concentration of electrons u = mobility

Equation Manipulation

Assuming a continuous mobility distribution and that , it follows:

Applying the Laplace Transform

O A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load

Harmonic vibrations in a beam

primarily by resisting bending. O Consider a beam which is supported at its two ends
L ------------------ -- Beam length along x axis

cross section -- uniform parallel to the yz plane so that the w(x,t) ------------ --normal deflection is measured downward axis E------------------------Young's modulus of elasticity; I ------------------------moment of inertia of the cross section wrt the axis; m ---------------------mass per unit length;

---------------------- angular frequency.

Equation Manipulation

Equation Manipulation
OR

Automobile Suspension
In a simplified model, we assume that the center of the wheel follows the step contour exactly, such that the input motion x(t) takes the form of a unit step. We are then interested in calculating the resulting car-body motion y(t). The differential equation describing the system

Appling transform:

Solving:

Automobile Suspension
For a step input: Case 1 : Case 2: Case 3 : initial condition:

Automobile Suspension

References
Johnson, William B. Transform method for semiconductor mobility, Journal of Applied Physics 99 (2006). Generalized Functions, and the Laplace Transform--R. Miller LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS--Sarina Adhikari PROCESS DYNAMICS: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS--M.T. Tham Applications of Laplace & z Transforms n Control Theory--Montu Doshi