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Physics I Class 01: & 1D Motion
Physics I Class 01: & 1D Motion
Class 01
Introduction
&
1D Motion
Rev. 31-Dec-03 GB
01-1
Welcome to Physics 1
at RPI
01-2
Frequently Asked Questions About
the Textbook for Spring 2004
01-3
Format of the Course
01-4
Our Expectations of You
01-5
Exams
01-6
Homework
01-7
Activities
We will assign activity teams beginning with class #1 (this class) and
reassign the teams after each exam. Part of the learning experience in
Physics 1 is making your team work efficiently. We expect all team
members to participate actively.
Activities can include any or all of the following:
Doing experiments and taking measurements.
Analyzing video clips.
Running simulations.
Pencil and paper exercises.
At the end of each regular activity, there will be one or more exercises
based on the material covered that day. These will be similar to exam
questions. You may consult with anyone to answer these, but your final
write-up must be your own. You will be graded on the methods and
explanations as well as the numerical answers to the exercises.
The first part of the activity is worth up to 7 points except for the
exercise(s). The exercise part is worth 3 points. The maximum for any
activity is 10. If you do not come to class, your activity grade for that day
will be 0 unless you have a valid RPI excuse, in which case the activity
does not count for or against your grade but you are still responsible for
all material covered in class.
01-9
Your Grade in Physics I
01-10
Definitions
S c a la r: A n u m b e r – p o s itiv e , n e g a tiv e , o r 0 .
M a g n itu d e : A b s o lu te v a lu e – p o s itiv e o r 0 .
V e c to r: M a g n itu d e (o r le n g th ) a n d d ire c tio n
in s p a c e .
T im e : t ( s c a l a r )
P o s itio n : x (v e c to r)
D is p la c e m e n t: x x x0
T im e in te rv a l: t t t0
A v e ra g e o r m e a n v e lo c ity is d e fin e d a s fo llo w s :
x x0 x
v avg
t t0 t
01-11
Definitions (Continued)
I n s ta n ta n e o u s v e lo c it y o r j u s t “ v e lo c ity ” :
x d x
v lim
t 0 t dt
E x a m p le : W h e n y o u ta k e a c a r tr ip , y o u g e t th e
m a g n it u d e o f v avg b y d iv id i n g th e c h a n g e in th e
o d o m e te r ( o r d is ta n ce ) b y th e h o u r s y o u d r o v e . Y o u
g e t m a n y v a lu e s o f v d u r in g th e tr ip b y c h e c k i n g th e
s p e e d o m e te r m o m e n t b y m o m e n t.
I f v is c o n s ta n t: v avg v
01-12
Definitions (Continued)
In s ta n ta n e o u s a c c e le ra tio n o r ju s t “ a c c e le ra tio n ” :
2
v d v d x
a lim
t 0 t d t d t 2
01-13
Definitions (Continued)
01-14
Components of Vectors
A n y v e c to r c a n b e w ritte n in c o m p o n e n t fo r m :
a a î b ˆj c k̂
w h e r e î , ˆj , k̂ a r e u n i t v e c t o r s i n t h e X , Y , a n d Z
d ir e c tio n s r e s p e c tiv e ly . a , b , c a re c o m p o n e n ts .
( S o m e t i m e s y o u w i l l s e e x̂ , ŷ , ẑ u n i t v e c t o r s . )
T h e c o m p o n e n ts o f a v e c to r a re s c a la rs . T h e y c a n b e
p o s itiv e , n e g a tiv e , o r z e ro .
In o n e d im e n s io n : a a î
T h e m a g n itu d e o f a o n e -d im e n s io n a l v e c to r is th e
a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f i t s c o m p o n e n t : |a |.
If a is n e g a tiv e , th e v e c to r p o in ts in th e n e g a tiv e X
d ir e c tio n .
01-15
Velocity and Acceleration
slope = a
v
01-16
Constant Acceleration
F o r th e s p e c ia l c a s e o f c o n s ta n t a c c e le ra tio n , th e
g ra p h o f v v e rs u s t is a s tra ig h t lin e . T h e e q u a tio n is
v v 0 a t t 0
T h is is th e s a m e e q u a tio n y o u h a d in m a th c la s s fo r a
lin e – [ y m x b ] – b u t w ith d iffe re n t s y m b o ls .
v
slope = a
v0
t0 t
01-17
Displacement with
Constant Acceleration
M a th F a c t: B e c a u s e v e lo c ity is th e d e riv a tiv e o f
d is p la c e m e n t, d is p la c e m e n t is th e a re a (in te g ra l)
u n d e r th e g ra p h o f v v e rs u s t.
v
d is p la c e m e n t = a re a = re c ta n g le + tria n g le
re c ta n g le : height base v 0(t t0 )
1 v0
tria n g le :
2
height base
1
2
(v v 0) (t t0) t0 t
1
2
[ a ( t t 0 )] ( t t 0 )
1 2
(x x 0) v 0(t t0) 2
a (t t0)
1 2
x x 0 v 0(t t0) 2
a (t t0)
01-18
Class #1
Take-Away Concepts
1 D E q u a tio n s o f M o tio n fo r C o n s ta n t A c c e le ra tio n
B a s ic E q u a tio n s
1 . v v 0 a t t0
1
2. x x 0 v 0(t t0) 2
a (t t0)2
D e riv e d E q u a tio n s
1
3. x x 0 2
( v 0 v )( t t 0 )
1
4. x x 0 v (t t0) 2
a (t t0)2 (c o m p a re w ith 2 .)
5. v 2
v 2
0 2 a x x 0
01-19
Class #1
Problems of the Day
_______1. Which one graph below represents a motion for which it would be incorrect to
use equations 1-5 to solve a one-dimensional motion problem – even if you
broke the motion into two time intervals? Note: The respective graphs are
straight line segments and v = velocity, a = acceleration.
v v
A) t B) t
a a
C) t D) t
01-20
Answer to Problem 1 for Class #1
01-21
Class #1
Problems of the Day
01-22
Answer to Problem 2 for Class #1
The first step is to determine a coordinate system. We can pick any direction as the
+X direction that makes the problem easier. In this case, we pick X = 0 as the vertical
position of dropping the wrench and X = 78.4 as the place where it hits the ground.
Then acceleration is positive, a = +9.8 because +X is in the down direction.
What variables do we know? x0 = 0, v0 = 0, t0 = 0 (start the clock when the wrench
drops), x = 78.4 and a = 9.8 . We don’t know v (what the problem asks for) or t.
Method A: Use eq. 2 to solve for t: 78.4 = 0.5 * 9.8 * t2 . t = 4.0 . Then use eq. 1 to
solve for v: v = 4.0 * 9.8 = 39.2 m/s.
Method B: We realize that we know everything in eq. 5 except v, which is what we
want. v2 = 2.0 * 9.8 * 78.4 . v = sqrt(1536.64) = 39.2 m/s.
01-23
Activity #1
Software Loading / 1D Motion
01-24
Optional Material
at the End of the Lecture Notes
01-25
Class #1 Optional Material
Deriving the Other Equations
Equation3:
vv0
3a. Solve1fora: a
tt0
3b. Substitute3ainto2andsimplify.
Equation4:
4a. Solve1forv0: v0 va(tt0)
4b. Substitute4ainto2andsimplify.
Equation5:
5a. Solve1for(v-v0): vv0 a(tt0)
xx0
5b. Solve3for(v+v0): vv0 2
tt0
2
5c. M ultiply5aby5bandbringv0 tor.h.s.
01-26